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e-Bulletin
2019-1
on Constitutional Case-Law
The electronic Bulletin on Constitutional Case-Law ("e-Bulletin") is produced by the European Commission for Democracy through Law, better known as the Venice Commission. The e-Bulletin regularly reports on the case-law of constitutional courts and courts with equivalent jurisdiction in Europe and beyond, including case-law of the European Court of Human Rights, the Court of Justice of the European Union and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. The e-Bulletin is sent to liaison officers and to subscribers by e-mail three times a year, each mailing reports on the most important case-law gathered during a four-month period.
The e-Bulletin’s aim is to allow judges and constitutional law specialists to be informed quickly about the most important judgments rendered in the field of constitutional justice. The exchange of information and ideas among courts in different countries with similar or different legal traditions, in the field of judge-made law, is of vital importance. Such an exchange of information and such cooperation, we hope, will not only benefit the newly established constitutional courts, but will also enrich the case-law of longer established courts. The main purpose of the e-Bulletin on Constitutional Case-Law is to foster an exchange of information and ideas and to assist national judges in solving difficult questions of law, which often arise simultaneously in courts of different countries.
If you wish to receive the e-Bulletin, please subscribe at the page https://www.venice.coe.int/files/bulletin/eBulletin-subscription.html.
The Venice Commission is grateful to the liaison officers of constitutional and equivalent courts, who regularly prepare the contributions, reproduced in the Bulletin with links to our database CODICES. As such, the summaries of decisions and opinions in the Bulletin do not constitute an official record of court decisions and should not be considered as offering or purporting to offer an authoritative interpretation of the law.
The Venice Commission would like to thank the International Organisation of the Francophonie for their support in ensuring that contributions from its member, associate and observer states can be translated into French.
T. Gerwien
Legal Officer, Division on Constitutional Justice
European Commission for Democracy through Law (“Venice Commission”)
May 2020
ALG-2019-1-001 a) Algeria / b) Constitutional Council / c) / d) 08.01.2012 / e) 01/CC/12 / f) Political Parties /
By adding a prohibition on founding a political party based on professional activity to the other grounds provided for exclusively in the Constitution, the legislature has gone beyond the will of the drafters of the Constitution.
By inserting verbatim provisions falling within the scope of a different text into the drafting, adoption and amendment procedures provided for in the Constitution, the... Read more
3.3.3
General Principles - Democracy - Pluralist democracy.
4.5.10.1
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Political parties - Creation.
5.2.2.4
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Citizenship or nationality.
Creation / Political parties / Nationality / Place of residence / Forfeiture / Elective mandate / Judicial process / Dissolution.
ALG-2019-1-002 a) Algeria / b) Constitutional Council / c) / d) 11.08.2016 / e) 02/CC/16 / f) Electoral system /
The obligation to register on an electoral roll for any citizen who fulfils the legally required conditions, as laid down by the legislature, must not be such as to affect the citizen’s right to elect and be elected guaranteed by the Constitution.
As the term "involuntary crimes" used by the legislature is not enshrined in either the Constitution or the legislation in force, it could violate the... Read more
3.3.3
General Principles - Democracy - Pluralist democracy.
4.9
Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy.
4.9.5
Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Eligibility.
4.9.7.1
Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Preliminary procedures - Electoral rolls.
4.9.12
Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Proclamation of results.
Electoral roll / Internment / Involuntary crimes / Prohibition / Final results / Provisional results / Eligibility / Be elected / Appeal / Parliamentary elections / National service (military) / Declaration / Assets / Movable / Immovable.
ARG-2019-1-001 a) Argentina / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 07.03.2019 / e) CSJ 315/2013 (49-S)/CS1 / f) Savoia, Claudio Martín c/ EN – Secretaría Legal y Técnica (dto. 1172/03) s/ amparo ley 16.986 /
The right of access to information is governed by the principle of maximum disclosure, which establishes the presumption that all official information is accessible and subject to a limited set of exceptions, as state actions must be governed by the principles of publicity and transparency in public administration, allowing individuals under its jurisdiction to exercise democratic control of... Read more
2.1.1.4.11
Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - American Convention on Human Rights of 1969.
3.17
General Principles - Weighing of interests.
5.3.24
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to information.
5.3.25.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to administrative transparency - Right of access to administrative documents.
Republic, principle of publicity / Information, principle of maximum disclosure.
AUT-2019-1-001 a) Austria / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 13.03.2019 / e) E 3830/2018 / f) /
The Federal Law on the External Legal Relationships of Islamic Religious Societies prohibits religious communities from raising funds in respect of their usual activities from outside Austria. This provision is objectively justified as it safeguards the independent administration of internal affairs of Islamic religious communities or societies and secures their autonomy from influence from other... Read more
5.2.2.6
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Religion.
Equality / Religion, organisation / Religion, autonomy, limit.
AZE-2019-1-001 a) Azerbaijan / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenum / d) 18.03.2019 / e) / f) Interpretation of Article 125.VII of the Constitution in the context of the Republic of Azerbaijan’s Civil Procedural Law /
The effective administration of justice by courts dealing with civil and economic disputes requires the court to guarantee an adversarial form of proceeding, to comply with the principle of equality of arms, and base their decisions on the evidence and facts submitted by the parties. The courts must also ensure that their decisions are only based on arguments made by the parties in an adversarial... Read more
1.2.3
Constitutional Justice - Types of claim - Referral by a court.
1.3.1
Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Scope of review.
Constitution, Civil Procedure Code / Establishing truth, non ultra petita.
AZE-2019-1-002 a) Azerbaijan / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenum / d) 28.03.2019 / e) / f) Interpretation of Articles 92.10.1, 92.10.3 and 244.2 of the Criminal Procedure Code /
An attorney cannot refuse to participate in proceedings without the defendant’s consent.
5.3.13.1.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Criminal proceedings.
Criminal Procedure Code, arbitrary refusal of attorney, prohibition.
BLR-2019-1-001 a) Belarus / b) Constitutional Court / c) BLR-2019-1-002 a) Belarus / b) Constitutional Court / c)
BEL-2019-1-001 a) Belgium / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 07.02.2019 / e) 19/2019 / f) / BEL-2019-1-002 a) Belgium / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 14.03.2019 / e) 44/2019 / f) /
BIH-2019-1-001 a) Bosnia and Herzegovina / b) Constitutional Court / c) Grand Chamber / d) 17.07.2018 / e) AP 2753/16 / f) / BIH-2019-1-002 a) Bosnia and Herzegovina / b) Constitutional Court / c) Grand Chamber / d) 11.10.2018 / e) AP 4077/16 / f) /
BRA-2019-1-001 a) Brazil / b) Federal Supreme Court / c) Full Court / d) 29.11.2017 / e) Direct action of unconstitutionality 3406 (ADI 3406) and 3470 (ADI 3470) / f) Asbestos and concurrent law-making power / BRA-2019-1-002 a) Brazil / b) Federal Supreme Court / c) Full Court / d) 01.03.2018 / e) Direct Action of Unconstitutionality 4275 (ADI 4275) / f) Civil register of transgender people / BRA-2019-1-003 a) Brazil / b) Federal Supreme Court / c) Full Court / d) 05.04.2018 / e) Direct Action of Unconstitutionality 4717 (ADI 4717) / f) Unconstitutionality of provisional measure that reduced areas of environmental protection / BRA-2019-1-004 a) Brazil / b) Federal Supreme Court / c) Full Court / d) 03.05.2018 / e) Objection in Criminal Prosecution 937 (AP 937 QO) / f) Jurisdictional prerogative and restrictive interpretation / BRA-2019-1-005 a) Brazil / b) Federal Supreme Court / c) Full Court / d) 21.06.2018 / e) Direct Action of Unconstitutionality 4451 (ADI 4451) / f) Freedom of expression and humorous creations during the electoral period / BRA-2019-1-006 a) Brazil / b) Federal Supreme Court / c) Full Court / d) 12.09.2018 / e) Extraordinary Appeal 888815 (RE 888815) / f) Students and their parents have no subjective public right to home-schooling /
BUL-2019-1-001 a) Bulgaria / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 27.03.2018 / e) 15/18 / f) / BUL-2019-1-002 a) Bulgaria / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 29.05.2018 / e) 10/18 / f) / BUL-2019-1-003 a) Bulgaria / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 03.07.2018 / e) 9/18 / f) /
CAN-2019-1-001 a) Canada / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 11.01.2019 / e) 36645 / f) Frank v. Canada (Attorney General) / CAN-2019-1-002 a) Canada / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 31.01.2019 / e) 37627 / f) Orphan Well Assn. v. Grant Thornton Ltd. / CAN-2019-1-003 a) Canada / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 18.04.2019 / e) 37518 / f) R. v. Mills /
CHI-2019-1-001 a) Chile / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 16.01.2019 / e) 5965-2019 / f) /
CRC-2019-1-001 a) Costa Rica / b) Supreme Court of Justice / c) Constitutional Chamber / d) 08.03.2019 / e) 12782/18 / f) /
ECH-2019-1-001 a) Council of Europe / b) European Court of Human Rights / c) Grand Chamber / d) 29.01.2019 / e) 36925/07 / f) Güzelyurtlu and Others v. Cyprus and Turkey / ECH-2019-1-002 a) Council of Europe / b) European Court of Human Rights / c) Chamber / d) 29.01.2019 / e) 62257/15 / f) Mifsud v. Malta / ECH-2019-1-003 a) Council of Europe / b) European Court of Human Rights / c) Grand Chamber / d) 31.01.2019 / e) 18052/11 / f) Rooman v. Belgium / ECH-2019-1-004 a) Council of Europe / b) European Court of Human Rights / c) Grand Chamber / d) 31.01.2019 / e) 78103/14 / f) Fernandes de Oliveira v. Portugal / ECH-2019-1-005 a) Council of Europe / b) European Court of Human Rights / c) Chamber / d) 28.02.2019 / e) 12267/16 / f) Khan v. France / ECH-2019-1-006 a) Council of Europe / b) European Court of Human Rights / c) Chamber / d) 28.02.2019 / e) 4755/16 / f) Beghal v. the United Kingdom / ECH-2019-1-007 a) Council of Europe / b) European Court of Human Rights / c) Chamber / d) 12.03.2019 / e) 26374/18 / f) Guðmundur Andri Ástráðsson v. Iceland /
CRO-2019-1-001 a) Croatia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 16.10.2018 / e) U-I-1553/2013 CRO-2019-1-002 a) Croatia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 16.10.2018 / e) U-I-3197/2017 CRO-2019-1-003 a) Croatia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 08.11.2018 / e) U-III-3468/2018 / f) / CRO-2019-1-004 a) Croatia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 18.12.2018 / e) U-III-1709/2018 / f) / CRO-2019-1-005 a) Croatia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 18.12.2018 / e) U-VIIR-3260/2018 / f) /
CZE-2019-1-001 a) Czech Republic / b) Constitutional Court / c) First Panel / d) 08.01.2019 / e) I. ÚS 2845/17 / f) Res judicata and reopening proceedings to determine paternity after more than 50 years / CZE-2019-1-002 a) Czech Republic / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenum / d) 26.02.2019 / e) III. ÚS 37/16 / f) Opening hours in retail and wholesale on public holidays / CZE-2019-1-003 a) Czech Republic / b) Constitutional Court / c) Second Panel / d) 19.03.2019 / e) II. ÚS 3573/18 / f) Obligation to consider position of child when deciding to impose a fine for non-realised access / CZE-2019-1-004 a) Czech Republic / b) Constitutional Court / c) Third Panel / d) 02.04.2019 / e) III. ÚS 3439/17 / f) Conditions whereby aggrieved persons may be admitted by courts to initiated criminal proceedings /
FRA-2019-1-001 a) France / b) Constitutional Council / c) / d) 01.02.2019 / e) 2019-761 QPC / f) Association Médecins du monde and others (Criminalisation of persons engaging in prostitution) / FRA-2019-1-002 a) France / b) Constitutional Council / c) / d) 21.03.2019 / e) 2019-768 QPC / f) Mr Adama S. (Radiological bone examinations for the purpose of determining age) / FRA-2019-1-003 a) France / b) Constitutional Council / c) / d) 04.04.2019 / e) 2019-780 DC / f) Law on strengthening and guaranteeing law enforcement during demonstrations / FRA-2019-1-004 a) France / b) Constitutional Council / c) / d) 09.05.2019 / e) 2019-1 RIP / f) Bill seeking to confirm the operation of Paris airport facilities as a national public service /
GER-2019-1-001 a) Germany / b) Federal Constitutional Court / c) Second Panel / d) 11.12.2018 / e) 2 BvL 4/11, 2 BvL 5/11, 2 BvL 4/13, ECLI:DE:BVerfG:2018:ls20181211.2bvl000411 and 2 BvL 1/09, ECLI:DE:BVerfG:2019:ls20190115.2bvl000109 / f) Mediation Committee / GER-2019-1-002 a) Germany / b) Federal Constitutional Court / c) First Panel / d) 18.12.2018 / e) 1 BvR 142/15, ECLI:DE:BVerfG:2018:rs20181218.1bvr014215 / f) Automatic number plate recognition / GER-2019-1-003 a) Germany / b) Federal Constitutional Court / c) Third Chamber of the Second Panel / d) 20.12.2018 / e) 2 BvR 2377/16, ECLI:DE:BVerfG:2018:rk20181220.2bvr237716 / f) IP Address Data (duty of email providers to share data with law enforcement agencies) / GER-2019-1-004 a) Germany / b) Federal Constitutional Court / c) First Chamber of the Second Panel / d) 23.01.2019 / e) 2 BvR 2429/18, ECLI:DE:BVerfG:2019:rk20190123.2bvr242918 / f) Limits to continued remand detention / GER-2019-1-005 a) Germany / b) Federal Constitutional Court / c) Second Panel / d) 29.01.2019 / e) 2 BvC 62/14, ECLI:DE:BVerfG:2019:cs20190129.2bvc006214 / f) Exclusion from voting rights / GER-2019-1-006 a) Germany / b) Federal Constitutional Court / c) Third Chamber of the Second Panel / d) 13.02.2019 / e) 2 BvR 2136/17, ECLI:DE:BVerfG:2019:rk20190213.2bvr213617 / f) Reopening of criminal proceedings / GER-2019-1-007 a) Germany / b) Federal Constitutional Court / c) Second Chamber of the First Panel / d) 18.02.2019 / e) 1 BvR 2556/17, ECLI:DE:BVerfG:2019:rk20190218.1bvr255617 / f) Filesharing / GER-2019-1-008 a) Germany / b) Federal Constitutional Court / c) Second Panel / d) 12.03.2019 / e) 2 BvR 675/14, ECLI:DE:BVerfG:2019:rs20190312.2bvr067514 / f) Judicial standby duty / GER-2019-1-009 a) Germany / b) Federal Constitutional Court / c) First Panel / d) 26.03.2019 / e) 1 BvR 673/17, ECLI:DE:BVerfG:2019:rs20190326.1bvr067317; ECLI:DE:BVerfG:2019:rs20190326.1bvr067317 / f) Stepchild adoption /
HUN-2019-1-001 a) Hungary / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 13.02.2019 / e) 1/2019. (II. 13.) AB / f) Rejection of a constitutional complaint against Ruling 23.Szef.27/2017/3. of Budapest-Capital Regional Court and declining a constitutional complaint against Section 170 of Act no. II of 2012 on minor offences, minor offences proceedings and record / HUN-2019-1-002 a) Hungary / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 05.03.2019 / e) 2/2019. (III. 5.) AB / f) On the interpretation of Article E.2; R.1; XIV.4 and 24.1 of the Constitution / HUN-2019-1-003 a) Hungary / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 07.03.2019 / e) 3/2019. (III. 7.) AB / f) On establishing a constitutional requirement related to Section 353/A.1 of the Act no. C of 2012 on the Criminal Code and on rejecting a constitutional complaint against Section 353/A.1 of the Act no. C of 2012 on the Criminal Code / HUN-2019-1-004 a) Hungary / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary Session / d) 05.07.2019 / e) 22/2019 (VII.5) AB / f) The rejection of an ex post norm control against Act no. CXXX, 2018, on the Administrative Courts / HUN-2019-1-005 a) Hungary / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary Session / d) 18.07.2019 / e) 23/2019 (VII. 18) AB / f) The annulment of Judgment 2.Pf.20.009/2018/4/II of the Budapest Court of Appeals / HUN-2019-1-006 a) Hungary / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary Session / d) 23.07.2019 / e) 26/2019 (VII. 23) AB / f) The rejection of a constitutional complaint against Judgment Pfv.IV.21.039/2017/4 of the Kúria /
IRL-2019-1-001 a) Ireland / b) Supreme Court / c) The Court / d) 27.02.2019 / e) 71/2017, 73/2017, 78/2017 / f) Angela Kerins v. Deputy John McGuinness / IRL-2019-1-002 a) Ireland / b) Supreme Court / c) Clarke C.J. / d) 05.03.2019 / e) 91/2017 / f) Denis O’Brien v. Clerk of Dáil Éireann / IRL-2019-1-003 a) Ireland / b) Supreme Court / c) O’Donnell J. / d) 21.03.2019 / e) 53/2018 / f) Brian Mohan v. Ireland and Attorney General /
ITA-2019-1-001 a) Italy / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 04.07.2018 / e) 170/2018 / f) / ITA-2019-1-002 a) Italy / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 25.09.2018 / e) 222/2018 / f) / ITA-2019-1-003 a) Italy / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 24.10.2018 / e) 207/2018 / f) / ITA-2019-1-004 a) Italy / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 25.10.2018 / e) 239/2018 / f) / ITA-2019-1-005 a) Italy / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 10.01.2019 / e) 17/2019 / f) / ITA-2019-1-006 a) Italy / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 23.01.2019 / e) 20/2019 / f) /
KOR-2019-1-001 a) Korea / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 25.05.2017 / e) 2016Hun-Ma640 / f) Constitutionality of the provision that excludes daily employed workers who have been employed for less than three consecutive months from being notified in advance of their dismissal / KOR-2019-1-002 a) Korea / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 28.09.2017 / e) 2015Hun-Ma653 / f) Full restriction of the three basic labour rights of registered security guards /
KOS-2019-1-001 a) Kosovo / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 29.03.2019 / e) KO 157/18 / f) The Supreme Court of the Republic of Kosovo - Constitutional review of Article 14.1.7 of Law no. 03/L-179 on Red Cross /
LAT-2019-1-001 a) Latvia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 21.02.2019 / e) 2018-10-0103 / f) On the compliance of Article 237 LAT-2019-1-002 a) Latvia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 23.04.2019 / e) 2018-12-01 / f) On the compliance of Article 1.1 of the Law of 22 March 2018 "Amendments to the Education Law"; Article 1.2, particularly the words "at the pre-school level of education and the level of elementary education in line with Article 41 of this Law"; Article 3.1, particularly the term "elementary education"; and Article 2 of the Law of 22 March 2018 "Amendments to the Law on General Education" with Articles 91, 112 and 114 of the Constitution /
LTU-2019-1-001 a) Lithuania / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 11.01.2019 / e) KT3-N1/2019 / f) On issuing a temporary residence permit in Lithuania to a foreign national in the event of family reunification / LTU-2019-1-002 a) Lithuania / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 15.02.2019 / e) KT8-N2/2019 / f) On conducting a mandatory referendum on two days with a break of two weeks / LTU-2019-1-003 a) Lithuania / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 01.03.2019 / e) KT9-N3/2019 / f) On the right to apply to a court of appeal instance without the assistance of a lawyer /
MEX-2019-1-001 a) Mexico / b) Electoral Court of the Federal Judiciary / c) High Chamber / d) 05.04.2016 / e) SUP-JDC-2010-2016 / f) / MEX-2019-1-002 a) Mexico / b) Electoral Court of the Federal Judiciary / c) High Chamber / d) 25.11.2016 / e) SUP-REC-787-2016 / f) / MEX-2019-1-003 a) Mexico / b) Electoral Court of the Federal Judiciary / c) High Chamber / d) 15.02.2017 / e) SUP-REP-190-2016 / f) / MEX-2019-1-004 a) Mexico / b) Electoral Court of the Federal Judiciary / c) High Chamber / d) 22.02.2017 / e) SUP-JDC-1959-2016 / f) /
MDA-2019-1-001 a) Moldova / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 18.01.2019 / e) 3 / f) On the constitutional review of certain provisions of Law no. 1585 of 27 February 1998 on compulsory health insurance and of the Regulation on granting/suspending the status of insured person in the compulsory health insurance system (alleged discrimination between mothers and fathers taking care of four or more children) / MDA-2019-1-002 a) Moldova / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 19.03.2019 / e) 6 / f) On the plea of unconstitutionality of Article 265.2 of the Criminal Procedure Code (challenging a criminal prosecution authority’s refusal to receive complaints on criminal offences) / MDA-2019-1-003 a) Moldova / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 19.03.2019 / e) 7 / f) On the plea of unconstitutionality of certain provisions of Article 353.1 of the Civil Procedure Code (barring rulings rejecting debtors’ claims against payment-order proceedings from being appealed) / MDA-2019-1-004 a) Moldova / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 05.04.2019 / e) 8 / f) On the plea of unconstitutionality of certain provisions of Article 162.2 of the Enforcement Code (time-limit on disputing bailiffs’ enforcement orders) / MDA-2019-1-005 a) Moldova / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 08.04.2019 / e) 9 / f) On the constitutional review of Article 25.6 of Law no. 278 of 14 December 2007 on tobacco control (the ban on trading tobacco products near educational and healthcare institutions) / MDA-2019-1-006 a) Moldova / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 08.04.2019 / e) 10 / f) On the plea of unconstitutionality of certain provisions of Article 5 of Law no. 188 of 10 July 2008 on amnesty related to the declaration of the year 2008 as Youth Year (the alleged discrimination of imprisoned fathers of children up to 8 years of age) / MDA-2019-1-007 a) Moldova / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 26.04.2019 / e) 11 / f) On the interpretation of Articles 61 and 72 of the Constitution (the possibility of the Parliament to amend the electoral system in certain circumstances) /
NED-2019-1-001 a) The Netherlands / b) Council of State / c) Aliens Chamber / d) 17.04.2019 / e) 201806107/1/V6 / f) X v. Secretary of State of Justice and Security /
PLE-2019-1-001 a) Palestine* / b) Supreme Constitutional Court / c) / d) 08.05.2018 / e) 07/2017 / f) Madar Telecommunication Company, Amer Rashid Abd Al-Rahmeen Ayoub, Hussam Abd Al-Jawad Doufesh v. President of State of Palestine, Council of Ministers, Head of Council of Ministers, Ministry of Finance, Customs and Excise Department, Attorney General / PLE-2019-1-002 a) Palestine* / b) Supreme Constitutional Court / c) / d) 25.06.2018 / e) 05/2017 / f) /
POL-2019-1-001 a) Poland / b) Constitutional Tribunal / c) / d) 14.12.2017 / e) K 17/14 / f) / POL-2019-1-002 a) Poland / b) Constitutional Tribunal / c) / d) 17.07.2018 / e) K 9/17 / f) / POL-2019-1-003 a) Poland / b) Constitutional Tribunal / c) / d) 08.01.2019 / e) SK 6/16 / f) /
ROM-2019-1-001 a) Romania / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 30.01.2019 / e) 74/2019 / f) Constitutionality of the provisions of Law on declassification of documents /
RUS-2019-1-001 a) Russia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 15.11.2018 / e) 42 / f) / RUS-2019-1-002 a) Russia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 16.11.2018 / e) 43 / f) / RUS-2019-1-003 a) Russia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 06.12.2018 / e) 44 / f) / RUS-2019-1-004 a) Russia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 17.01.2019 / e) 4 / f) / RUS-2019-1-005 a) Russia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 21.01.2019 / e) 6 / f) / RUS-2019-1-006 a) Russia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 15.02.2019 / e) 10 / f) /
SRB-2019-1-001 a) Serbia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 21.02.2019 / e) IUo-132/2018 / f) /
SVK-2019-1-001 a) Slovakia / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenum / d) 30.01.2019 / e) I. ÚS 21/2014 / f) /
SUI-2019-1-001 a) Switzerland / b) Federal Court / c) First Public Law Chamber / d) 20.09.2018 / e) 1C_211/2016, 1C_212/2016 / f) A. and B. v. Grand Council of the Canton of Ticino / SUI-2019-1-002 a) Switzerland / b) Federal Court / c) First Social Law Chamber / d) 09.10.2018 / e) 8C_80/2018 / f) A., B. and C. v. Grand Council of the Canton of Fribourg /
UKR-2019-1-001 a) Ukraine / b) Constitutional Court / c) Grand Chamber / d) 05.02.2019 / e) 1-v/2019 / f) Compliance of the draft law on introducing amendments to Article 133 of the Constitution (on renaming Kirovohrad oblast) (Reg. no. 8380) to the requirements of Articles 157 and 158 of the Constitution / UKR-2019-1-002 a) Ukraine / b) Constitutional Court / c) Grand Chamber / d) 26.02.2019 / e) 1-r/2019 / f) Conformity of Article 368² of the Criminal Code to the Constitution (constitutionality) / UKR-2019-1-003 a) Ukraine / b) Constitutional Court / c) Grand Chamber / d) 25.04.2019 / e) 1-r(II)/2019 / f) Conformity to the Constitution of the provisions of Article 59.3 of the Law "On the Status and Social Protection of Citizens Affected by Chernobyl Catastrophe" /
GBR-2019-1-001 a) United Kingdom / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 24.09.2019 / e) / f) R (on the application of Miller) v. The Prime Minister & Others /
Ed. 18.05.2020 12:05:44
Under criminal procedure law, it is within the sole remit of the court to draw a final conclusion about whether a newly discovered circumstance has occurred and whether a new preliminary investigation is required. However, the criminal law makes no provision for the possibility of appealing to a court against a decision of the prosecutor to terminate criminal proceedings based on such... Read more
3.10
General Principles - Certainty of the law.
3.12
General Principles - Clarity and precision of legal provisions.
5.3.13.1.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Criminal proceedings.
5.3.13.2
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Effective remedy.
Evidence, new, consideration / Procedural ruling, appeal, right.
The principle of the best available techniques must be secured and developed in environmental legislation; they represent the most effective way of preventing and reducing waste generation and mitigating its impact on the environment and creating conditions for the implementation of the "zero waste" provision.
3.9
General Principles - Rule of law.
3.10
General Principles - Certainty of the law.
5.5.1
Fundamental Rights - Collective rights - Right to the environment.
Waste, dangerous / Environment, protection.
Legislation which prevents the judicial establishment of the paternity of a man who was a partner in a parental project which resulted in the birth of a child conceived through medically assisted procreation with a third-party donor breaches the principle of equality and non-discrimination and the child’s right to respect for private and family life.
2.1.1.4.4
Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - European Convention on Human Rights of 1950.
5.2.2.1
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Gender.
5.2.2.11
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Sexual orientation.
5.2.2.12
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Civil status.
5.3.32
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
5.3.33.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life - Descent.
Procreation, medically assisted / Paternity, judicial recognition / Biological descent / Discrimination, parentage.
The requirement for members of staff of social security institutions bound by professional confidentiality to report to the authority responsible for criminal prosecutions any information gathered in the course of their duties which could constitute serious evidence of a terrorist offence under the Criminal Code is incompatible with the principle of offences and penalties being established by... Read more
3.14
General Principles -
5.3.32
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
Professional confidentiality, exception, reporting to the public prosecutor / Social security, body / Terrorism, offence, intent.
There was no violation of the right to freedom of expression under Article 10 ECHR where the ordinary courts gave clear reasons substantiated by arguments for their decision concerning damage caused to the plaintiff’s right to commercial reputation. The damage had arisen due to the appellant newspaper publishing misinformation concerning the quality of wheat that the plaintiff imported. This had... Read more
5.3.21
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
Damage, compensation / Reputation, commercial.
Courts and administrative authorities had violated the Article 14 ECHR prohibition on discrimination in relation to the right to property. They had done so in respect of the application of the Law on Pension and Disability Insurance as they had failed to apply it consistently with the requirements of the Family Law, which provide for equal treatment for individuals in a consensual union and... Read more
5.2.2.12
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Civil status.
5.3.39
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to property.
Consensual union / Pension, consensual partner.
Provisions governing the minimum conditions permissible for the exploitation of chrysotile offered insufficient and inadequate protection of the fundamental rights to health and to a balanced environment, due to the harmfulness and carcinogenic potential of the substance and ineffective control measures. Laws regulating asbestos are valid even if they result in an outright ban of its use.
3.18
General Principles - General interest.
4.5.6
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Law-making procedure.
5.4.19
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
5.5.1
Fundamental Rights - Collective rights - Right to the environment.
Asbestos, substance, carcinogenic / International organisation, act, protection, individual / Province, legislative competence / Waste, dangerous.
Transgender people are entitled to replace their name and sex in the civil registry, regardless of whether they have undergone surgical procedures for gender change or hormonal or pathological treatments.
5.2.2.1
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Gender.
5.2.2.11
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Sexual orientation.
5.3.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to dignity.
5.3.43
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to self fulfilment.
Civil register, amendment, name / Gender identity, determination / Transsexuality, name, change.
A provisional measure that diminishes or disfranchises an environmental area of natural reserves and national parks breaches the principle of prohibition of socio-environmental setback and is unconstitutional. Such matters require formal legislation, preceded by broad parliamentary debate and the participation of civil society, environmental protection agencies and institutions, in order to... Read more
4.5.6.1
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Law-making procedure - Right to initiate legislation.
5.5.1
Fundamental Rights - Collective rights - Right to the environment.
Environment, zone, protected / Resource, natural, exploitation / Resource, natural, protection.
The jurisdictional prerogative only applies to crimes committed during the exercise of public office and only relates to the functions performed by persons benefiting from this system.
4.5
Institutions - Legislative bodies.
Jurisdictional prerogative, criminal matters / Parliament, member, privileges, infringement.
Neither the State nor any individual may restrict the right to freedom of expression. An electoral law provision is unconstitutional, to the extent that it prohibits networks or radio stations, in the three months prior to the elections, from using material that in any way degrades or ridicules a candidate, political party or coalition, or from producing or running a programme with that effect or... Read more
4.9.8.3
Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Electoral campaign and campaign material - Access to media.
5.3.21
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
5.4.22
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Artistic freedom.
Election, campaign, restrictions / Media, legislation, election period.
There is no subjective public right of a student or his or her family to home-schooling; there is no express provision for it in Brazilian legislation. Its creation is not constitutionally forbidden by federal law, although if it were introduced, careful regulation and monitoring would be needed. The family and the State have a constitutional duty to supervise, evaluate and control the teaching... Read more
3.4
General Principles - Separation of powers.
3.17
General Principles - Weighing of interests.
5.1.1.4.1
Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Minors.
5.4.1
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Freedom to teach.
5.4.2
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to education.
Education, duty, State / Home schooling / School, state, compulsory.
The admission into evidence of official documents which were drafted by institutions for the purposes of financial audit and control in criminal proceedings did not violate the adversarial principle. These documents were not given higher evidential force than the other criminal evidence. The general rules of evidence apply.
Specialised justice is explicitly provided for by the Constitution.... Read more
5.3.13.1.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Criminal proceedings.
5.3.13.20
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Adversarial principle.
Specialised courts.
Upholding the authority and public perception of the public services are legitimate legislative goals but they are not achieved by mandatory suspension of a public officer from service for an unlimited period of time. Such a measure is disproportionate.
3.16
General Principles - Proportionality.
5.2.2.9
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Political opinions or affiliation.
5.3.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to dignity.
5.3.13.17
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Rules of evidence.
5.3.13.22
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Presumption of innocence.
5.4.3
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to work.
5.4.14
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to social security.
Institution, public image / Public office, suspension.
The Supreme Court of Cassation can refer to the Constitutional Court regarding the constitutionality of statutes that are relevant to a particular case, with a motivated statement of the specific Constitutional norms that have been violated. The relevance of the statute to the specific case must be established by the referring court.
1.2.3
Constitutional Justice - Types of claim - Referral by a court.
1.4.5.3
Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Originating document - Formal requirements.
Statute, relevance, applicability.
Section 3 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms provides that "[e]very citizen of Canada has the right to vote in an election of members of the House of Commons or of a legislative assembly and to be qualified for membership therein". Any limit on this right must be carefully scrutinised and cannot be tolerated without a compelling justification. Intrusions on this right are to be... Read more
5.3.41.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Electoral rights - Right to vote.
Voting right, persons who are abroad.
There is no conflict between a provincial regulator’s use of powers under Alberta legislation to enforce a bankrupt company’s compliance with end-of-life obligations with respect to oil wells, pipelines and facilities, and a bankruptcy and insolvency trustee’s powers under the federal Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act (hereinafter, "BIA") or the order of priorities under the BIA. Both regimes can... Read more
4.8.8.4
Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Distribution of powers - Co-operation.
Bankruptcy and insolvency, provable claim, costs of abandoning and reclaiming oil and gas assets / Environment, responsibility for costs of abandoning and reclaiming oil and gas assets / Oil and gas, end-of-life obligations for oil wells, pipelines and facilities, costs.
Section 8 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms provides that "[e]veryone has the right to be secure against unreasonable search or seizure". To claim this protection, an accused must show a subjectively held and objectively reasonable expectation of privacy in the subject matter of the putative search. Adults who communicate online with children they do not know cannot reasonably expect... Read more
5.3.13.17
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Rules of evidence.
5.3.32.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life - Protection of personal data.
5.3.36.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Inviolability of communications - Electronic communications.
Search and seizure unreasonable, online communications with undercover officer / Child luring, internet.
Granting immunity to members of the prevention mechanism against torture contravenes the principle of equality before law.
3.21
General Principles - Equality.
5.3.13
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial.
Torture, anti-torture, Committee / Torture, United Nations Convention / Privileges, immunities.
Different forms of social protection are available under the Constitution for those in vulnerable circumstances.
The right to minimum subsistence (mínimo vital) is available to individuals or groups when inaction on the part of the State or a private entity causes dangerous conditions from which they cannot protect themselves.
The rules regarding social rights protect a minimum level of... Read more
5.2.2.8
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Physical or mental disability.
5.3.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to dignity.
5.4.18
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to a sufficient standard of living.
5.4.19
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
Subsistence level, minimum / Vulnerable groups / Agency, policy, protocol, coordination.
When Article 2 ECHR may require from two Contracting States a two-way obligation to cooperate with each other, implying at the same time an obligation to seek assistance and an obligation to afford assistance such a duty is in keeping with the effective protection of the right to life as guaranteed by Article 2 ECHR. The States concerned have to take whatever reasonable steps they could to... Read more
4.7.1
Institutions - Judicial bodies - Jurisdiction.
4.16
Institutions - International relations.
5.3.2
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to life.
Investigation, effective, cooperation / European Convention on Human Rights, Contracting States, cooperation, obligation.
In the criminal sphere Article 8 ECHR does not as such prohibit recourse to a medical procedure in defiance of the will of a suspect, or in defiance of the will of a witness, in order to obtain evidence. The measure must be in accordance with the relevant Convention requirements. What is of paramount importance is that the measures taken are in accordance with the relevant Convention... Read more
5.3.32
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
5.3.33.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life - Descent.
DNA, analysis, right to private life, interference / Paternity, action to establish.
Refining the principles concerning the obligation to provide treatment to persons in compulsory confinement – even as currently interpreted, Article 5 ECHR does not contain a prohibition on detention on the basis of impairment (in contrast to what was proposed by the UN Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities). However, the deprivation of liberty under Article 5.1.e ECHR has to... Read more
5.1.1.4.2
Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Incapacitated.
5.1.1.4.3
Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Detainees.
5.3.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Prohibition of torture and inhuman and degrading treatment.
5.3.5.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty.
Prison, care, psychiatric, treatment, appropriate / Prison, care, psychiatric, treatment, individualised / Prison, mentally ill / Psychiatric, care, linguistic obstacle / Custody, medical treatment / Confinement, person of unsound mind.
Suicide of a mentally ill man voluntarily admitted to State psychiatric hospital for treatment after suicide attempt
Two distinct albeit related positive obligations under Article 2 ECHR, already developed in the jurisprudence of the Court, may be engaged. First, there exists a positive obligation on the State to put in place a regulatory framework compelling hospitals to adopt appropriate... Read more
5.1.1.4.2
Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Incapacitated.
5.3.2
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to life.
Investigation, effective / Mentally ill, suicide danger, prevention / Mentally ill, confinement / Positive obligation / Psychiatric hospital, confinement / Suicide, mentally ill, psychiatric hospital / Suicide, danger, prevention / Vulnerable person, protection.
Precarious living conditions of an unaccompanied foreign minor in a shantytown and a failure to execute judicial placement order can result in degrading treatment not done all that could reasonably be expected of them to fulfil their obligation to protect and provide care.
5.1.1.4.1
Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Minors.
5.3.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Prohibition of torture and inhuman and degrading treatment.
Minor, foreign, unaccompanied, degrading treatment.
Power of border control officials to stop and question without suspicion or access to lawyer.
A requirement of reasonable suspicion is an important consideration in assessing the lawfulness of a power to stop and question or search a person.
4.11.2
Institutions - Armed forces, police forces and secret services - Police forces.
5.3.13.27
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right to counsel.
5.3.32
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
Search, body, reasonable suspicion / Interrogation, police / Reasonable suspicion / Terrorism, police, powers.
Appointment of judges in flagrant breach of domestic law, as a result of undue discretion exerted by the executive
Only those breaches of applicable national rules in the establishment of a tribunal that are of a fundamental nature, and form an integral part of the establishment and functioning of the judicial system, can be considered to fulfil the criterion of a flagrant breach. In this... Read more
4.7.4.1.2
Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members - Appointment.
4.7.5
Institutions - Judicial bodies - Supreme Judicial Council or equivalent body.
5.3.13
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial.
National law, flagrant breach / Judge, nomination / Criminal proceedings / Rule, national, disregard / Rule, national, breach, flagrant / Discretion, undue.
Parties to proceedings are entitled under the Constitution and the European Convention on Human Rights to court proceedings of a reasonable length and to effective remedies to protect them from excessively protracted court proceedings. Remedies have been provided and a procedure has been established within the national legal system for their protection. It cannot therefore be argued that the... Read more
3.9
General Principles - Rule of law.
3.10
General Principles - Certainty of the law.
5.3.13.2
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Effective remedy.
5.3.13.13
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Trial/decision within reasonable time.
Protracted proceedings, remedy, effectiveness.
Questions had arisen over the introduction of a new model of enforced collection of the monthly fee for using Croatian Radio and Television (hereinafter, "CRT") services. The proponent of the legislation in question had failed to demonstrate that this new model would have achieved the legitimate goal of reducing the costs of enforced collection of the fee and thus reducing the burden on citizens.... Read more
3.9
General Principles - Rule of law.
4.5.6
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Law-making procedure.
Broadcasting company, fee, enforcement.
The prohibition of a strike is not contrary to the Constitution and the European Convention on Human Rights in cases where the ability to postpone an announced strike for an undetermined period of time allows the trade unions to postpone it several times and to avoid the pre-strike mediation process required by legislation. This places employers in a constant extraordinary situation due to the... Read more
3.16
General Principles - Proportionality.
5.4.10
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to strike.
Strike, preliminary mediation process / Strike, postponement.
The right of access under equal conditions to any workplace and post guaranteed in its procedural aspect in relation to the right to a fair trial was violated when an applicant for appointment to the ranks of Supreme Court judges was given insufficient opportunity by the State Judicial Council to present arguments and observations on the data from a security-intelligence agency's report and the... Read more
4.7.4.1.2
Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members - Appointment.
5.3.13.18
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Reasoning.
Judges, appointments, security vetting / Supreme Court, judge, appointment.
For proceedings to be instituted for the control of the constitutionality and legality of holding a national referendum, the applicants must present constitutional and legal arguments substantiated with a concrete and real factual substrate which convincingly indicates that competent state authorities used their discretionary power and responsibility in a specific case in a manner which resulted... Read more
3.9
General Principles - Rule of law.
4.9.2.1
Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Referenda and other instruments of direct democracy - Admissibility.
Referendum, initiative, procedure.
Res judicata does not represent an absolute obstacle to conducting and deciding upon proceedings to determine paternity; the right of a child to know his or her parents may outweigh the right of the putative father to refuse to undergo a DNA test. Conducting proceedings to determine paternity may be justifiable despite any discontinuation thereof in the past.
3.16
General Principles - Proportionality.
3.17
General Principles - Weighing of interests.
5.3.14
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights -
5.3.32
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
5.3.33.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life - Descent.
5.3.44
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights of the child.
Blood test / DNA analysis / Child, father, identity, right to know, limitation / Paternity, biological father / Paternity, disputed, time limit / Proceedings, discontinuation / Res judicata.
It is a matter of legislative discretion to designate public holidays and bank holidays and to decide how many of these are to be adequately supported by prohibiting certain occupational activities. If the regulation of the opening hours is in line with the values of the constitutional order and national and state traditions, it is not appropriate for the Constitutional Court to intervene in any... Read more
3.16
General Principles - Proportionality.
3.21
General Principles - Equality.
5.2.1.1
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Public burdens.
5.2.1.2
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Employment.
5.3.32
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
5.4.3
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to work.
5.4.6
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Commercial and industrial freedom.
Competition, economic, protection / Enterprise, small, medium / Holiday, public / Offence, administrative / Opening time / Working hours.
Legislation which allows the courts to impose a fine on somebody who has not complied with a decision ordering him or her to comply with requirements for access to a minor has been put in place in order to ensure the person concerned fulfils his or her obligations rather than to impose sanctions upon him or her. If it is found that he or she cannot comply with his or her obligations, for example... Read more
5.1.1.4.1
Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Minors.
5.3.13.6
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right to a hearing.
5.3.33
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life.
5.3.44
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights of the child.
Child, best interest / Child, care / Child, access, right, procedure / Grandparents, child, care / Parent with custody.
It is not sufficient, in terms of the social stigmatisation of minorities, to adopt generally protective criminal legislation. A deeper understanding is needed of the harm caused to the addressees of the legislation who have been on the receiving end of such attacks. Courts must always examine the impact each attack has had on the individuals concerned (for example as a result of threats,... Read more
5.3.13.1.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Criminal proceedings.
5.3.13.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.
5.3.13.7
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right to participate in the administration of justice.
5.3.21
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
5.3.31
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to respect for one's honour and reputation.
5.3.32
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
Compensation, non-pecuniary damage / Movement, extremism / Proceedings, participation, victim, right.
The provisions of the Criminal Code introducing an offence of soliciting, accepting or obtaining, in exchange for remuneration or a promise thereof or the provision of a benefit in kind or the promise thereof, relations of a sexual nature from a person engaging in prostitution, on an occasional basis or as a repeat offence, are in conformity with the Constitution.
The legislature has ensured... Read more
3.16
General Principles - Proportionality.
5.3.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to dignity.
5.3.5
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty.
5.4.5
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Freedom to work for remuneration.
5.4.8
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Freedom of contract.
5.4.19
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
Prostitution, client, unspecified / Prostitution, client, sex.
The provisions of the Civil Code authorising the use of radiological bone examinations for the purpose of helping to determine an individual’s age are in conformity with the Constitution.
The safeguards established by the legislature take account of the existence of the margin of error in the findings of radiological examinations and rule out such findings forming the sole basis for determining... Read more
5.1.1.3
Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Foreigners.
5.1.1.4.1
Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Minors.
5.2.2.7
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Age.
Immigration / Asylum / Minor, foreign, unaccompanied / Minor, adulthood, proof, right / Minor foreigner, remedy, right.
The provisions allowing senior officers in the criminal police acting under judicial supervision to carry out, in certain circumstances, at the site of demonstrations, visual inspections and searches of bags and inspections of vehicles are in conformity with the Constitution. They do not restrict access to a demonstration or prevent the holding thereof. The legislature has not imposed an... Read more
5.3.21
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
5.3.28
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of assembly.
Demonstration, identity check / Demonstration, total ban / Demonstration, public safety / Demonstration, public order.
The constitutional and institutional requirements for commencing the phase of the "joint initiative referendum" procedure consisting in collecting votes in favour of the bill seeking to confirm the operation of Paris airport facilities as a national public service are satisfied.
The bill does concern one of the subjects covered in the first paragraph of Article 11 of the Constitution and has... Read more
4.9.1
Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Competent body for the organisation and control of voting.
4.9.2
Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Referenda and other instruments of direct democracy.
Referendum, preparatory act, review, jurisdiction / Public service, privatisation.
The following official headnotes were written for decision 2 BvL 2/09, however their content also applies to decisions 2 BvL 4/11, 2 BvL 5/11 and 2 BvL 4/13 - which do not have official headnotes.
1. The mediation committee (Vermittlungsausschuss) may propose changes, including additions or deletions, to provisions passed by Parliament (Bundestag) only if and insofar as the... Read more
4.5.6
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Law-making procedure.
4.5.6.4
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Law-making procedure - Right of amendment.
4.5.6.5
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Law-making procedure - Relations between houses.
Competence, legislative limit / Mediation committee.
1. The use of automatic number plate recognition constitutes an interference with the fundamental right to informational self-determination of any person whose number plates are automatically recorded, even if the result is a "no match" and the data is deleted immediately (deviation from BVerfGE 120, 378).
2. In order to distinguish between matters of law enforcement for which the... Read more
1.2.2.1
Constitutional Justice - Types of claim - Claim by a private body or individual - Natural person.
1.3.4.3
Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Distribution of powers between central government and federal or regional entities.
3.16
General Principles - Proportionality.
4.11.2
Institutions - Armed forces, police forces and secret services - Police forces.
5.3.32.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life - Protection of personal data.
Border, competence, legislative, limit / Border, control / Border, crossing / Car, number plate, recognition, automatic / Competence, legislative / Competence, legislative, concurrent / Competence, legislative, distribution / Competence, legislative, limit / Data matching / Data, collection / Data, destruction / Number plate, vehicle.
1. In the context of telecommunications surveillance, obliging email service providers to share IP address data with law enforcement agencies does not violate the Basic Law (Grundgesetz), even where, due to data protection concerns, the service provider operates its system in a manner that does not log IP addresses.
2. In light of Article 12.1 of the Basic Law, the endeavour to devise a... Read more
3.12
General Principles - Clarity and precision of legal provisions.
3.17
General Principles - Weighing of interests.
4.7.4.3.1
Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Prosecutors / State counsel - Powers.
5.3.36.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Inviolability of communications - Electronic communications.
5.4.4
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Freedom to choose one's profession.
Data protection / Email provider / Fundamental rights, interference, statutory basis / General interest, criminal justice / Internet, IP address data / Law enforcement / Occupation, practise, free, right / Police, surveillance, email account / Telecommunications, privacy, email.
1. When a court orders or upholds remand detention (Untersuchungshaft), it must always take account of the conflict between the individual’s right to personal liberty (second sentence of Article 2.2 of the Basic Law (Grundgesetz)) and the indisputable demands of effective law enforcement. A person that is only suspected of a criminal offence may be deprived of liberty only in... Read more
3.16
General Principles - Proportionality.
5.3.5.1.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty - Detention pending trial.
5.3.13.13
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Trial/decision within reasonable time.
Court, inactivity / Court, proceeding, length / Expediency, requirement / Reasonableness, length of proceedings.
1. The exclusion from voting rights does not rule out the ability to initiate electoral complaint proceedings (Wahlprüfungsverfahren) pursuant to § 48.1 of the Federal Constitutional Court Act if the complaint concerns this exclusion.
2. Where the applicant only asserts a violation of subjective rights in electoral complaint proceedings, it is not necessary to also demonstrate that... Read more
5.2.2.8
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Physical or mental disability.
5.3.41.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Electoral rights - Right to vote.
5.3.41.2
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Electoral rights - Right to stand for election.
Discrimination, exclusion from voting rights / Suffrage, universal.
1. In respect to the reopening of criminal proceedings concluded by final judgment, German constitutional law does not require that the binding effect of a final judgment (Rechtskraft) be lifted in the event that the European Court of Human Rights issues a judgment in parallel proceedings concerning other persons who lodged an application finding a violation of the European Convention on... Read more
2.1.1.4.4
Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - European Convention on Human Rights of 1950.
4.7
Institutions - Judicial bodies.
5.3.13.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.
Judicial protection, effective, right / European Court of Human Rights, decision, national, reopening / European Court of Human Rights, friendly settlement, national law, effects / European Court of Human Rights, judgment, domestic case, reopening / Proceedings, reopening, condition / Proceedings, reopening, ground.
The fundamental right to respect for family life under Article 6.1 of the Basic Law (Grundgesetz) does not stand in the way of the requirement in civil procedure law that registered users of an internet connection disclose which family member used the connection in cases of copyright infringement involving the connection.
2.2.1.6.1
Sources - Hierarchy - Hierarchy as between national and non-national sources - Law of the European Union/EU Law and domestic law - EU primary law and constitutions.
5.3.33
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life.
5.3.39
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to property.
Intellectual property, copyright law, right to equitable remuneration / Internet, music, downloading / Family member, right not to testify / Internet, personal computers / Internet, provider, identity of users, verification, obligation / Internet, user, identity, verification, obligation.
1. It follows from Article 13 of the Basic Law (Grundgesetz) that all state organs are obliged to ensure that the requirement of a prior judicial decision (Richtervorbehalt), which protects fundamental rights, is implemented effectively. Correspondingly, courts are constitutionally obliged to ensure the availability of an investigating judge (Ermittlungsrichter), which also... Read more
4.7
Institutions - Judicial bodies.
5.3.13.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.
5.3.35
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Inviolability of the home.
Judge, access, register duty / Judge, investigating / Judge, on-call duty / Search, private home, warrant / Search warrant, issuance, by independent and impartial decision maker / Search warrant, judicial.
1. The complete exclusion solely of families of unmarried couples from stepchild adoption violates Article 3.1 of the Basic Law (Grundgesetz).
2. General concerns regarding stepchild adoption cannot justify its exclusion solely in families of unmarried couples.
3. The legislator pursues a legitimate purpose in limiting stepchild adoption to relationships between parent and step-parent... Read more
5.2
Fundamental Rights - Equality.
5.2.2.12
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Civil status.
5.3.33
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life.
Adoption, child, best interest / Adoption, stepchild / Discrimination, children, marital status / Discrimination, procedure, adoption.
Pouring removable paint on a public memorial may be considered as a form of expression if, from an objective perspective, such an action is capable of carrying thoughts to the public.
5.3.21
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
Expressive activity, exercise, form.
The Constitutional Court’s authentic interpretation of the Constitution should be respected by all other organs. The provision of refugee status should not be considered as a constitutional obligation on the part of the Hungarian State.
1.3.5.3
Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Constitution.
1.6.3
Constitutional Justice - Effects - Effect erga omnes.
2.2.1.6
Sources - Hierarchy - Hierarchy as between national and non-national sources - Law of the European Union/EU Law and domestic law.
Constitutional Court, competence, exclusive / Refugee, status.
The criminal offence of facilitating illegal immigration shall not be considered to have been committed if the aim of the activity is limited to the mitigation of the suffering of those in need and to the humanitarian treatment of such persons.
3.14
General Principles -
5.3.21
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
5.3.27
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of association.
Criminal law, fundamental principles / Chilling effect.
The introduction of a separate system of administrative courts (and the partial ministerial administration of these courts) is constitutionally compliant. In order to safeguard judicial independence, a distinction must be drawn between the adjudicating activities of judges and the administration of the judiciary.
3.4
General Principles - Separation of powers.
4.6.6
Institutions - Executive bodies - Relations with judicial bodies.
4.7.4.1
Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members.
4.7.4.2
Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Officers of the court.
4.7.9
Institutions - Judicial bodies - Administrative courts.
5.3.13.14
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Independence.
Administrative Court, new system, ministerial role.
Individuals vested with public powers must endure the broadcasting, without their consent, of pictures of them taken not only in the public arena but also in the courtroom.
5.3.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to dignity.
5.3.13.9
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Public hearings.
5.3.21
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
5.3.23
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights in respect of the audiovisual media and other means of mass communication.
Public official, photographs, video footage / Courtroom, officials, photography.
The private lives of persons who are not vested with public power but who have taken part in political debates or discussions of public interest cannot be automatically fenced off from the public.
5.3.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to dignity.
5.3.21
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
5.3.23
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights in respect of the audiovisual media and other means of mass communication.
Public figure, private life / Video footage, photographs, celebrities.
The sanctity of parliamentary privilege and procedure, as underpinned by the separation of powers doctrine enshrined in the Constitution, is not immune from judicial scrutiny, in circumstances where a determination was made by the Courts that a citizen’s constitutional rights were not upheld by Parliament by its own procedures.
3.4
General Principles - Separation of powers.
4.5.2.2
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Powers - Powers of enquiry.
4.5.2.3
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Powers - Delegation to another legislative body.
4.5.4.4
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Organisation - Committees.
4.5.6.5
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Law-making procedure - Relations between houses.
4.5.11
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Status of members of legislative bodies.
5.3.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to dignity.
Case-law, development, respect for constitutional guarantees and rights / Parliament, ability to function, protection / Parliament, action, internal / Parliament, autonomy, principle / Parliament, committee, enquiry / Parliament, committee, hearing / Parliament, member, inviolability / Parliament, member, immunity / Parliament, member, defamation against private persons / Parliament, member, privileges, infringement / Parliament, member, privileges and immunities / Parliament, member, right to request information, condition / Parliamentary privilege / Personal privacy, right / Separation of powers, checks and balances.
Analysis of a decision of a parliamentary committee would amount to an impermissible judicial inference to constitutionally protected utterances.
3.4
General Principles - Separation of powers.
4.5.2.2
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Powers - Powers of enquiry.
4.5.2.3
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Powers - Delegation to another legislative body.
4.5.4.4
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Organisation - Committees.
4.5.6.5
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Law-making procedure - Relations between houses.
4.5.11
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Status of members of legislative bodies.
5.3.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to dignity.
Case-law, development, respect for constitutional guarantees and rights / Parliament, ability to function, protection / Parliament, action, internal / Parliament, autonomy, principle / Parliament, committee, enquiry / Parliament, committee, hearing / Parliament, member, inviolability / Parliament, member, immunity / Parliament, member, defamation against private persons / Parliament, member, privileges, infringement / Parliament, member, privileges and immunities / Parliament, member, right to request information, condition / Parliamentary privilege / Personal privacy, right / Separation of powers, checks and balances.
An individual seeking nomination to contest a general election from his affiliated political party election has standing to challenge legislation, the effect of which is to introduce gender quotas in prescribing minimum numbers of female candidates a political party must put forward for nomination in such elections.
1.4.9.1
Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Parties -
4.5.3.1
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Composition - Election of members.
4.5.10
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Political parties.
4.9.5
Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Eligibility.
5.2.1.4
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Elections.
5.2.2.1
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Gender.
5.3.29.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to participate in public affairs - Right to participate in political activity.
Election, political party, right to participate in elections / Election, candidate, nomination by political party, obligatory / Election, candidate, party, nomination / Election, candidate, registration procedure / Gender quota, constitutionality / Locus standi, establishment, burden / Locus standi, establishment, criteria / Locus standi, appeal / Locus standi, constitutional / Locus standi, decision, affecting individual other than the addressee / Political party, equal participation, right / Political party, equal treatment.
It is not unreasonable to draw a distinction between, on the one hand, the enrolment or systematic and ongoing participation of magistrates in the activities of a political party, which is forbidden by the disciplinary offence under review, and, on the other hand, the access of magistrates to elected positions and public political office, which the law in force allows for under certain... Read more
3.17
General Principles - Weighing of interests.
3.20
General Principles - Reasonableness.
4.7.4.1.6.1
Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members - Status - Incompatibilities.
4.7.4.1.6.2
Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members - Status - Discipline.
5.3.13.14
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Independence.
5.3.13.15
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Impartiality.
5.3.27
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of association.
5.3.29.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to participate in public affairs - Right to participate in political activity.
Magistrate, participation in political party / Magistrate, independence, impartiality, political activity / Magistrate, political appointment / Magistrate, standing for election.
The provision providing for ancillary penalties to custodial sentences for bankruptcy offences is defective not in general terms, in that the ten-year duration of the ancillary penalties provided for under it for all instances of fraudulent bankruptcy is disproportionate, but rather in that it provides for one single and undifferentiated legal duration for such penalties. In preventing the courts... Read more
3.16
General Principles - Proportionality.
5.3.5.1.2
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty - Non-penal measures.
Ancillary penalties / Lack of flexibility of the law.
Article 2 of the Constitution – not unlike Article 2 ECHR – gives rise to the duty of the State to protect the life of every individual, and not the diametrically opposed right to ensure that each individual may obtain assistance to die from the State or from third parties. Furthermore, criminalising the provision of assistance with suicide cannot be considered generally incompatible either with... Read more
1.5.4.1
Constitutional Justice - Decisions - Types - Procedural decisions.
1.5.4.5
Constitutional Justice - Decisions - Types - Suspension.
1.5.4.7
Constitutional Justice - Decisions - Types - Interim measures.
3.17
General Principles - Weighing of interests.
3.19
General Principles - Margin of appreciation.
5.3.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to dignity.
5.3.2
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to life.
5.4.19
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
Interruption of the ongoing life-sustaining treatment / Assistance with suicide / Euthanasia / Assisted suicide.
The provision setting out a mechanism for selecting the lists eligible for the allocation of seats with reference to the percentage of votes obtained meets with real requirements, which merit protection, relating to the proper operation of the European Parliament, both in terms of its relations with the Commission, as well as in the conduct of its business more generally. Consequently, the choice... Read more
3.19
General Principles - Margin of appreciation.
3.20
General Principles - Reasonableness.
4.5.3.1
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Composition - Election of members.
4.9.3.1
Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Electoral system - Method of voting.
4.17.1.1
Institutions - European Union - Institutional structure - European Parliament.
Election, Electoral law, principle of representative voting, qualifying threshold / Election, European Parliament.
The Houses of the Parliament must be recognised as having a broad margin of appreciation in the application of parliamentary rules. Due respect for the autonomy of Parliament requires that the review by the Constitutional Court must be strictly limited to breaches that result in manifest violations of the constitutional prerogatives of members of Parliament, and any such violations must be... Read more
1.2.1.2
Constitutional Justice - Types of claim - Claim by a public body - Legislative bodies.
1.3.5.9
Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Parliamentary rules.
3.19
General Principles - Margin of appreciation.
4.5.4.1
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Organisation - Rules of procedure.
4.5.4.5
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Organisation - Parliamentary groups.
4.5.6
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Law-making procedure.
Parliament, autonomy / Law-making procedure, block amendment associated with confidence vote.
The Constitutional Court must express its own assessment, above all in light of domestic constitutional provisions, on provisions which, while remaining subject to regulation by European Law, touch on principles and fundamental rights enshrined in the Italian Constitution and recognised by constitutional case-law. One purpose of this is for the Court to make its own contribution to rendering... Read more
2.1.1.1.1
Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules - Constitution.
2.1.1.3
Sources - Categories - Written rules - Law of the European Union/EU Law.
2.1.1.4.18
Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union of 2000.
2.2.1.1
Sources - Hierarchy - Hierarchy as between national and non-national sources - Treaties and constitutions.
3.16
General Principles - Proportionality.
3.17
General Principles - Weighing of interests.
3.20
General Principles - Reasonableness.
5.3.25
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to administrative transparency.
5.3.32.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life - Protection of personal data.
Transparency, public administration / Personal data, publication, public managers / Privacy, fiscal data of public managers, publication.
The right to work, recognised under Article 32.1 and 32.3 of the Constitution, includes not only the right to an occupation, but also the right to fair working conditions. This right intends to prevent the infringement of human dignity and includes the right to demand that a healthy working environment, just remuneration, and reasonable terms and conditions of work be guaranteed.
4.5.2
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Powers.
5.4.3
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to work.
5.4.5
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Freedom to work for remuneration.
5.4.17
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to just and decent working conditions.
Legislative discretion, scope / Employment, dismissal, advance notice, exception / Act, labour standards / Employment, dismissal, payment in lieu of notice, day labour contract / Employer, unfavourable.
The three rights of labour – the right to organise, the right to collective bargaining and the right to collective action – recognised under Article 33.1 of the Constitution, may be said to be civil and political rights related to social protection or social rights. Therefore, the three rights of labour have the character of ‘freedom from the State’, which is recognised by the State respecting,... Read more
3.16
General Principles - Proportionality.
4.5.2
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Powers.
5.4.10
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to strike.
5.4.11
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Freedom of trade unions.
State Public Officials Act, application mutatis mutandis / Registered security guard, legal status / Registered security guard, work, public nature, social impact / Legislative discretion / Constitution, nonconformity, continued application / Rule against excessive restriction.
Placing an obligation on insurance companies to pay a percentage of their income from motor liability insurance as a contribution to the Red Cross budget and not obliging other companies to do the same is not justified and is not based on objective reasons. As such, it is incompatible with the right to equality before the law in conjunction with the right to property.
1.2.3
Constitutional Justice - Types of claim - Referral by a court.
5.2.1.1
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Public burdens.
Law, insurance companies, public burdens / Financing, Red Cross.
An individual’s right to know their rights as guaranteed by Article 90 of the Constitution includes an obligation placed on the state to create a mechanism that can ensure individuals are aware of legal regulations and their content. Individuals have a subjective public right to be properly informed about their rights and obligations. This right is derived from the right to know the nature of... Read more
3.10
General Principles - Certainty of the law.
3.12
General Principles - Clarity and precision of legal provisions.
3.14
General Principles -
5.3.13.22
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Presumption of innocence.
Interpretation, ambiguity / Law, precision, need / Law, quality, foreseeable consequences / Nullum crimen sine lege.
The right to obtain public education in a language that is not the official language of the state does not fall within the scope of the constitutionally guaranteed right to education. Groups of individuals who have different native languages are not in comparable situations. As such the principle of equality before the law does not require them to be treated differently in respect of language... Read more
2.1.1.4.16
Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities of 1995.
5.2.2.10
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Language.
5.3.45
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Protection of minorities and persons belonging to minorities.
5.4.2
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to education.
Education in minority language, right / Educational system / Language, official, strengthening / Discrimination, list, prohibited grounds.
The legal regulation governing family reunification in the context of the free movement of persons within the EU and migration must be based on the principle of respect for human dignity and the private and family life of a person, as well as the principle of the equality of the rights of persons.
The legislature must lay down such legal regulation that would provide for the right to... Read more
5.2.2.11
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Sexual orientation.
5.3.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to dignity.
5.3.6
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of movement.
5.3.32
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
EU law, implementation, constitutional obligation / Right to family reunification, same-sex family.
The constitutionally consolidated democratic principles governing elections to political representative institutions must also be applied to the calling and conducting of referenda. This constitutional imperative also implies that, once a referendum is called, it must be stipulated that it is to take place over one day, by analogy with elections to Parliament and the elections of the President of... Read more
3.3.2
General Principles - Democracy - Direct democracy.
4.9.2
Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Referenda and other instruments of direct democracy.
Referendum, process, fairness / Referendum, continuity, principle.
The right to lodge an appeal with at least one court of higher instance against any final act of a court of first instance in order to ensure the possibility of correcting potential mistakes is an inseparable part of the constitutional right to apply to a court and the right to due process.
The right to an advocate, as one of the conditions for effective implementation of the right of a person... Read more
5.3.13.1.2
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Civil proceedings.
5.3.13.27
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right to counsel.
Appeal proceedings, legal representation, mandatory.
The local electoral authority has the responsibility and obligation to consult with indigenous communities before approving a decision to create a new legal entity, otherwise it affects their autonomy and decision-making processes.
5.5.4
Fundamental Rights - Collective rights - Right to self-determination.
Indigenous community, self-determination, autonomy / Indigenous people, rights, municipalities.
In the municipalities governed by customary practices, the indigenous legal regulations are applicable. Approved regulatory changes by the authority with the highest rank within the normative system of the community should be acknowledged as a change in the legal status of their internal system. Therefore, if the community decides to change the rules governing its electoral process, such a... Read more
4.8.3
Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Municipalities.
5.2.2.3
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Ethnic origin.
5.5.4
Fundamental Rights - Collective rights - Right to self-determination.
Indigenous community, self-governance / Indigenous community, self-determination / Municipality, indigenous community, presence.
Freedom of expression and information are fundamental rights playing a vital role in the establishment and consolidation of a democratic system. Their protection must therefore be maximised within the context of political debate and public interest issues, in order to implement the constitutional prohibition of anticipated campaign acts, and the right to fairness in electoral contests.
4.9.8
Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Electoral campaign and campaign material.
5.3.21
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
5.3.24
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to information.
Equity, electoral contests / Media broadcasting, television, restrictions.
A consultation, in order to be considered effective, must be carried out in advance and information given through appropriate procedures, to allow the community's consensus to be channelled and its real participation in the outcome of the process guaranteed. The concept of real participation implies that the opinion of indigenous communities must be considered when determining the final scenario... Read more
4.9.4
Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Constituencies.
4.9.6
Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Representation of minorities.
5.3.45
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Protection of minorities and persons belonging to minorities.
Indigenous people, rights, customs, protection / Community, indigenous, consultation process.
Fathers of four or more children may benefit from State-sponsored health insurance under the same conditions as mothers.
5.2.2.1
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Gender.
Social protection / Medical assistance / Health care, right resulting from mandatory health insurance / Insurance, health, statutory / Health, protection / Motherhood, right / Father / Parent.
Article 265.2 of the Criminal Procedure Code – which provides that the refusal by the criminal prosecution authorities to receive a complaint or a report of a criminal offence may be challenged immediately before the investigating judge, but no later than five days from the moment of refusal – is unconstitutional because the application of its provisions may lead to an unjustified restriction of... Read more
3.10
General Principles - Certainty of the law.
5.3.13.1.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Criminal proceedings.
5.3.13.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.
5.3.13.7
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right to participate in the administration of justice.
Criminal prosecution / Right to appeal / Appeal, leave to appeal / Offender, prosecution, equality of treatment / Notification, postal.
Barring appeals against rulings rejecting debtors’ claims in payment-order proceedings is disproportionate in the context of the goals pursued.
5.3.13.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.
5.3.13.7
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right to participate in the administration of justice.
5.3.39
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to property.
Property, protection / Debtor, right to access courts / Civil proceedings / Summary proceedings / Order, judicial / Right to appeal.
The time-limit on challenging or on lodging an appeal against bailiffs’ orders shall run from the date the issued orders were communicated, not from the date of the issue of such orders or the date on which their issue was refused.
3.10
General Principles - Certainty of the law.
5.3.13.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.
5.3.13.7
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right to participate in the administration of justice.
Civil action, time-limit / Time-limit for appeal / Right to appeal / Appeal, leave to appeal / Confiscation, property / Civil right, dispute.
The ban on trading tobacco products near educational and healthcare institutions for temporary business units – assessed in the light of two compelling interests: protecting public health and ensuring fair competition between traders – is constitutional.
3.18
General Principles - General interest.
5.4.6
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Commercial and industrial freedom.
5.4.19
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
Tobacco, product / Tobacco, sale, restrictions / Minor, protection / Health, protection / Health, protection, scope / Business, activity / Competition, protection / Competition, unfair.
The term "woman" in a provision in 2008 legislation granting amnesty to mothers of children under the age of eight (and making no mention of fathers) is in line with Article 16, taken in conjunction with Article 28 of the Constitution and is thus constitutional.
5.2.2.1
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Gender.
5.3.44
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights of the child.
Amnesty / Prison, sanction / Detention, separation of mother and child / Child, separation from imprisoned mother / Discrimination / Child, best interest / Legitimate aim.
Parliament may amend the electoral system earlier than a full parliamentary term; however, the new electoral system may not apply to snap parliamentary elections.
4.5.6.4
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Law-making procedure - Right of amendment.
4.9.3
Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Electoral system.
5.3.41.6
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Electoral rights - Frequency and regularity of elections.
Amendment, legislative / Right of amendment, Parliament / Law, electoral / Election to Parliament, law / Elections, Parliament.
The revocation of Dutch nationality based on the retrospective application of a law that does not explicitly permit its retrospective application violates legal certainty.
5.3.38
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Non-retrospective effect of law.
Nationality / Terrorism / Legal certainty / Retrospective effect.
The Supreme Constitutional Court does not test one legislative text against another; rather, it tests the unconstitutionality of the contested text against the constitutional provision which is said to have been contravened.
The independence of the judiciary and its impartiality are two guarantees riveted together in the ambit of the administration of justice in a manner that guarantees its... Read more
2.2.2.1
Sources - Hierarchy - Hierarchy as between national sources - Hierarchy emerging from the Constitution.
4.7.4.1.2
Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members - Appointment.
4.7.12
Institutions - Judicial bodies - Special courts.
5.3.13.14
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Independence.
5.3.13.15
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Impartiality.
Custom court, composition / Court, member, civil servant, independence / Natural judge.
The basic principle of a crime is that it has a moral element complementary to its physical element, compatible with the individual personality in its features and orientations, that is, that there is a conscious will for a relationship between the punishment imposed by the state in its legislations and this type of criminal conduct. An action only becomes criminal if it is an act of will based... Read more
3.16
General Principles - Proportionality.
5.3.5
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty.
5.3.6
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of movement.
5.3.13.22
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Presumption of innocence.
Trespassing, presumption / Crime, ingredients.
Provisions that legitimise functionaries’ actions falling within the scope of the search of a person must be included in a parliamentary act i.e. a statute. A number of provisions that do not provide for judicial review of the lawfulness of a search of a person which has been carried out, e.g. by police officers, are in violation of the Constitution.
4.11.2
Institutions - Armed forces, police forces and secret services - Police forces.
4.11.3
Institutions - Armed forces, police forces and secret services - Secret services.
5.3.13
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial.
Search of a person, law enforcement / Judicial protection against authorities’ arbitrary actions.
The President’s act of granting amnesty in individual cases constitutes a procedural impediment to criminal proceedings, proceedings on misdemeanours, and criminal enforcement proceedings. For the President’s act to take effect, it is not necessary for a competent court to issue a legally effective ruling.
4.4.3.3
Institutions - Head of State - Powers - Relations with judicial bodies.
Amnesty in individual cases / Power of pardon / President, pardon.
A person who is staying temporarily in the territory of the Republic of Poland and is accused of committing a misdemeanour punishable by a fine may not be detained.
5.3.5.1.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty - Arrest.
Foreigner, non-resident, minor offence, punishable by fine, detention / Foreigner, detention, fast-track procedure / Misdemeanour, foreigner, detention / Detention, arbitrary, judicial protection.
Both the classification and declassification of State secrets is carried out under an administrative procedure. That procedure is strictly regulated by a legal framework, which is set out in a secondary regulatory act. It requires there to be a Government decision, which is subject to the competence of the executive power.
1.3.2.1
Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Type of review - Preliminary /
1.3.4.2
Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Distribution of powers between State authorities.
Information, State secret, classification / Declassification, procedures / State authorities, distribution of powers.
The right to elect candidates and to be elected to state authorities and local authorities is an integral part of public law on elections, whose constitutional aim is to ensure that the people are truly represented.
To rule out any doubts as to the fairness of elections, the federal legislator must guarantee that political parties and the candidates nominated by them enjoy court protection of... Read more
4.9.7.2
Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Preliminary procedures - Registration of parties and candidates.
5.3.13.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.
5.3.41.2
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Electoral rights - Right to stand for election.
Election, electoral rights, court protection / Election, municipal council, deputies.
Substitution of a successor for a litigant is an important guarantee of the rights of everyone to legal protection and access to justice. The grounds for and procedure of the substitution of a successor cannot be considered as a violation of constitutional rights. Consequently, a person may not be denied substitution for a litigant for the sole reason that that person has other means of... Read more
4.7.2
Institutions - Judicial bodies - Procedure.
5.3.13.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.
5.3.39
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to property.
Substitution of a successor for a litigant / Right of ownership, protection, procedural succession.
The prohibition on the verification of the constitutionality of an Agreement that has entered into force cannot be lifted on the pretext of the verification of a normative legal act (law) approving the Agreement. Declaring such a law to be unconstitutional gives rise to the possibility of abusive termination of the Agreement concluded.
4.8.1
Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Federal entities.
4.8.5
Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Definition of geographical boundaries.
4.9.2
Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Referenda and other instruments of direct democracy.
Federation, constituent entity, border, initial delimitation / Federation, constituent entity, border, modification.
The prohibitions and restrictions related to the establishment and ownership of the media are designed to prevent individuals with foreign citizenship from exercising strategic influence and control over Russian media/broadcasting organisations.
Such regulation must meet the requirements of legal certainty, a condition that is not fully satisfied by the provisions in question.
5.2.2.4
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Citizenship or nationality.
5.3.13.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.
Dual nationality / Media, founder, restriction / Media, ownership.
Clarification of the conditions for reimbursing legal expenses incurred to pay for the services of representatives of interested persons in administrative cases against state bodies.
5.3.13.3
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.
Legal expenses, reimbursement.
Taxation must be based on the constitutional principle of equality and economic feasibility.
5.2.1.1
Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Public burdens.
5.3.42
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights in respect of taxation.
Property tax, tax base, real estate.
Under Article 13.1 of the Law on Labour, an employee is entitled, either directly and/or through their representatives to: associate; participate in the bargaining process regarding entry into collective agreements; the consensual settlement of collective and individual labour disputes; consult and receive information concerning, and express their views on, essential issues labour relations.... Read more
3.21
General Principles - Equality.
Trade unions, representativeness, non-discrimination.
I. The Slovak Constitution has an implicit substantive core consisting of unamendable supreme principles of the rule of law, which include the principle of judicial independence, legal certainty and non-retroactivity of law. The Constitutional Court has the power to examine whether constitutional laws and amendments comply with that substantive core. Where the Court found there to be a violation... Read more
1.3.4.10.1
Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Litigation in respect of the constitutionality of enactments - Limits of the legislative competence.
1.3.4.11
Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Litigation in respect of constitutional revision.
1.3.5.3
Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Constitution.
3.4
General Principles - Separation of powers.
Independence, judiciary / Constitution, material core / Security check, judges / Eternity clause / Constitution, amendment, substantive limitation / Constitutional amendment, review.
Articles 16, 22 and 27 of the Federal Constitution; Canton of Ticino; ban on concealing the face in public places.
The Ticino laws on the concealment of the face in public places and on public order lay down an exhaustive list of exceptions to the ban on concealing the face, which do not include political, commercial or advertising events (recital 3.4). Based on the case-law of the Federal Court... Read more
3.16
General Principles - Proportionality.
5.3.19
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of opinion.
5.3.28
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of assembly.
5.4.6
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Commercial and industrial freedom.
Political activity / Public place / Concealment of face / Public event / Advertising, commercial.
Articles 28.4 and 36 of the Federal Constitution; Articles 27.4 and 38 of the Constitution of the Canton of Fribourg; abstract review of the Cantonal Act of 17 November 2017 amending the Fribourg Cantonal Act of 17 October 2001 on Public Sector Employees (hereafter, LPers/FR); ban on strikes by medical personnel.
Recognition of the right to strike and restrictions on its exercise... Read more
3.16
General Principles - Proportionality.
4.6.9
Institutions - Executive bodies - The civil service.
5.4.10
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to strike.
Strike, ban / Strike, restriction in public services / Strike, essential service / Medical personnel / Health, care facility / Healthcare, public function / Medical care.
A Draft Law amending the Constitution, which allegedly contains provisions that provide for the abolition or restriction of human rights or provisions that affect the independence or territorial integrity of Ukraine, did not concern human rights nor provide for their abolition or restriction.
1.3.5.3
Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Constitution.
3.6
General Principles - Structure of the State .
Constitution, amendments / Oblast, renaming.
The fight against corruption should be carried out exclusively by legal means in observance of the constitutional principles and regulations of the legislation adopted in accordance with the Constitution.
3.9
General Principles - Rule of law.
3.10
General Principles - Certainty of the law.
3.12
General Principles - Clarity and precision of legal provisions.
5.3.5
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty.
5.3.13.22
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Presumption of innocence.
5.3.38.1
Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Non-retrospective effect of law - Criminal law.
Innocence, presumption / Enrichment, illicit / Determination, legislative.
Persons who participated in dealing with the consequences of the Chernobyl accident during their military service have a special status and special conditions for social protection. According to the Constitution, the increased social protection of these categories of persons requires that the state should fulfil the obligation to determine the amount of their social security, which would... Read more
4.11.1
Institutions - Armed forces, police forces and secret services - Armed forces.
5.1.1.4.4
Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Military personnel.
5.4.14
Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to social security.
Military, service, regular / Pension, calculation / Damage, reimbursement / Accident, Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
Exercise of the power to prorogue the Legislature by the Head of State on the advice of the Prime Minister is justiciable.
Both Parliamentary sovereignty and Parliamentary accountability would be frustrated if there were no limits to the exercise of the prorogation power. Given that, any exercise of the power the effect of which would be to frustrate Parliament’s ability to carry out its... Read more
1.3.1
Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Scope of review.
1.3.5.14
Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Government acts.
1.6.2
Constitutional Justice - Effects - Determination of effects by the court.
3.4
General Principles - Separation of powers.
4.4
Institutions - Head of State.
4.5.4.3
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Organisation - Sessions.
4.5.7
Institutions - Legislative bodies - Relations with the executive bodies.
4.6.2
Institutions - Executive bodies - Powers.
4.7.1
Institutions - Judicial bodies - Jurisdiction.
Parliament, dissolution, justiciability / Parliament, prorogation, lawfulness / Parliament, prorogation, justification.
1.2.1.2 Constitutional Justice - Types of claim - Claim by a public body - Legislative bodies. ITA-2019-1-005 1.2.2.1 Constitutional Justice - Types of claim - Claim by a private body or individual - Natural person. GER-2019-1-002 1.2.3 Constitutional Justice - Types of claim - Referral by a court. AZE-2019-1-001, BUL-2019-1-003, KOS-2019-1-001 1.3.1 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Scope of review. AZE-2019-1-001, GBR-2019-1-001 1.3.2.1 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Type of review - Preliminary / ex post facto review. ROM-2019-1-001 1.3.4.2 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Distribution of powers between State authorities. ROM-2019-1-001 1.3.4.3 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Distribution of powers between central government and federal or regional entities. GER-2019-1-002 1.3.4.10.1 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Litigation in respect of the constitutionality of enactments - Limits of the legislative competence. SVK-2019-1-001 1.3.4.11 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Litigation in respect of constitutional revision. SVK-2019-1-001 1.3.5.3 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Constitution. HUN-2019-1-002, SVK-2019-1-001, UKR-2019-1-001 1.3.5.9 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Parliamentary rules. ITA-2019-1-005 1.3.5.14 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Government acts. GBR-2019-1-001 1.4.5.3 Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Originating document - Formal requirements. BUL-2019-1-003 1.4.9.1 Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Parties - Locus standi. IRL-2019-1-003 1.5.4.1 Constitutional Justice - Decisions - Types - Procedural decisions. ITA-2019-1-003 1.5.4.5 Constitutional Justice - Decisions - Types - Suspension. ITA-2019-1-003 1.5.4.7 Constitutional Justice - Decisions - Types - Interim measures. ITA-2019-1-003 1.6.2 Constitutional Justice - Effects - Determination of effects by the court. GBR-2019-1-001 1.6.3 Constitutional Justice - Effects - Effect erga omnes. HUN-2019-1-002 2.1.1.1.1 Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules - Constitution. ITA-2019-1-006 2.1.1.3 Sources - Categories - Written rules - Law of the European Union/EU Law. ITA-2019-1-006 2.1.1.4.4 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - European Convention on Human Rights of 1950. BEL-2019-1-001, GER-2019-1-006 2.1.1.4.11 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - American Convention on Human Rights of 1969. ARG-2019-1-001 2.1.1.4.16 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities of 1995. LAT-2019-1-002 2.1.1.4.18 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union of 2000. ITA-2019-1-006 2.2.1.1 Sources - Hierarchy - Hierarchy as between national and non-national sources - Treaties and constitutions. ITA-2019-1-006 2.2.1.6 Sources - Hierarchy - Hierarchy as between national and non-national sources - Law of the European Union/EU Law and domestic law. HUN-2019-1-002 2.2.1.6.1 Sources - Hierarchy - Hierarchy as between national and non-national sources - Law of the European Union/EU Law and domestic law - EU primary law and constitutions. GER-2019-1-007 2.2.2.1 Sources - Hierarchy - Hierarchy as between national sources - Hierarchy emerging from the Constitution. PLE-2019-1-001 3.3.2 General Principles - Democracy - Direct democracy. LTU-2019-1-002 3.3.3 General Principles - Democracy - Pluralist democracy. ALG-2019-1-001, ALG-2019-1-002 3.4 General Principles - Separation of powers. BRA-2019-1-006, GBR-2019-1-001, HUN-2019-1-004, IRL-2019-1-001, IRL-2019-1-002, SVK-2019-1-001 3.6 General Principles - Structure of the State . UKR-2019-1-001 3.9 General Principles - Rule of law. BLR-2019-1-002, CRO-2019-1-001, CRO-2019-1-002, CRO-2019-1-005, UKR-2019-1-002 3.10 General Principles - Certainty of the law. BLR-2019-1-001, BLR-2019-1-002, CRO-2019-1-001, LAT-2019-1-001, MDA-2019-1-002, MDA-2019-1-004, UKR-2019-1-002 3.12 General Principles - Clarity and precision of legal provisions. BLR-2019-1-001, GER-2019-1-003, LAT-2019-1-001, UKR-2019-1-002 3.14 General Principles - Nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege. BEL-2019-1-002, HUN-2019-1-003, LAT-2019-1-001 3.16 General Principles - Proportionality. BUL-2019-1-002, CRO-2019-1-003, CZE-2019-1-001, CZE-2019-1-002, FRA-2019-1-001, GER-2019-1-002, GER-2019-1-004, ITA-2019-1-002, ITA-2019-1-006, KOR-2019-1-002, PLE-2019-1-002, SUI-2019-1-001, SUI-2019-1-002 3.17 General Principles - Weighing of interests. ARG-2019-1-001, BRA-2019-1-006, CZE-2019-1-001, GER-2019-1-003, ITA-2019-1-001, ITA-2019-1-003, ITA-2019-1-006 3.18 General Principles - General interest. BRA-2019-1-001, MDA-2019-1-005 3.19 General Principles - Margin of appreciation. ITA-2019-1-003, ITA-2019-1-004, ITA-2019-1-005 3.20 General Principles - Reasonableness. ITA-2019-1-001, ITA-2019-1-004, ITA-2019-1-006 3.21 General Principles - Equality. CHI-2019-1-001, CZE-2019-1-002, SRB-2019-1-001 4.4 Institutions - Head of State. GBR-2019-1-001 4.4.3.3 Institutions - Head of State - Powers - Relations with judicial bodies. POL-2019-1-002 4.5 Institutions - Legislative bodies. BRA-2019-1-004 4.5.2 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Powers. KOR-2019-1-001, KOR-2019-1-002 4.5.2.2 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Powers - Powers of enquiry. IRL-2019-1-001, IRL-2019-1-002 4.5.2.3 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Powers - Delegation to another legislative body. IRL-2019-1-001, IRL-2019-1-002 4.5.3.1 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Composition - Election of members. IRL-2019-1-003, ITA-2019-1-004 4.5.4.1 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Organisation - Rules of procedure. ITA-2019-1-005 4.5.4.3 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Organisation - Sessions. GBR-2019-1-001 4.5.4.4 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Organisation - Committees. IRL-2019-1-001, IRL-2019-1-002 4.5.4.5 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Organisation - Parliamentary groups. ITA-2019-1-005 4.5.6 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Law-making procedure. BRA-2019-1-001, CRO-2019-1-002, GER-2019-1-001, ITA-2019-1-005 4.5.6.1 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Law-making procedure - Right to initiate legislation. BRA-2019-1-003 4.5.6.4 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Law-making procedure - Right of amendment. GER-2019-1-001, MDA-2019-1-007 4.5.6.5 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Law-making procedure - Relations between houses. GER-2019-1-001, IRL-2019-1-001, IRL-2019-1-002 4.5.7 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Relations with the executive bodies. GBR-2019-1-001 4.5.10 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Political parties. IRL-2019-1-003 4.5.10.1 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Political parties - Creation. ALG-2019-1-001 4.5.11 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Status of members of legislative bodies. IRL-2019-1-001, IRL-2019-1-002 4.6.2 Institutions - Executive bodies - Powers. GBR-2019-1-001 4.6.6 Institutions - Executive bodies - Relations with judicial bodies. HUN-2019-1-004 4.6.9 Institutions - Executive bodies - The civil service. SUI-2019-1-002 4.7 Institutions - Judicial bodies. GER-2019-1-006, GER-2019-1-008 4.7.1 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Jurisdiction. ECH-2019-1-001, GBR-2019-1-001 4.7.2 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Procedure. RUS-2019-1-002 4.7.4.1 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members. HUN-2019-1-004 4.7.4.1.2 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members - Appointment. CRO-2019-1-004, ECH-2019-1-007, PLE-2019-1-001 4.7.4.1.6.1 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members - Status - Incompatibilities. ITA-2019-1-001 4.7.4.1.6.2 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members - Status - Discipline. ITA-2019-1-001 4.7.4.2 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Officers of the court. HUN-2019-1-004 4.7.4.3.1 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Prosecutors / State counsel - Powers. GER-2019-1-003 4.7.5 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Supreme Judicial Council or equivalent body. ECH-2019-1-007 4.7.9 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Administrative courts. HUN-2019-1-004 4.7.12 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Special courts. PLE-2019-1-001 4.8.1 Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Federal entities. RUS-2019-1-003 4.8.3 Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Municipalities. MEX-2019-1-002 4.8.5 Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Definition of geographical boundaries. RUS-2019-1-003 4.8.8.4 Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Distribution of powers - Co-operation. CAN-2019-1-002 4.9 Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy. ALG-2019-1-002 4.9.1 Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Competent body for the organisation and control of voting. FRA-2019-1-004 4.9.2 Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Referenda and other instruments of direct democracy. FRA-2019-1-004, LTU-2019-1-002, RUS-2019-1-003 4.9.2.1 Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Referenda and other instruments of direct democracy - Admissibility. CRO-2019-1-005 4.9.3 Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Electoral system. MDA-2019-1-007 4.9.3.1 Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Electoral system - Method of voting. ITA-2019-1-004 4.9.4 Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Constituencies. MEX-2019-1-004 4.9.5 Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Eligibility. ALG-2019-1-002, IRL-2019-1-003 4.9.6 Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Representation of minorities. MEX-2019-1-004 4.9.7.1 Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Preliminary procedures - Electoral rolls. ALG-2019-1-002 4.9.7.2 Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Preliminary procedures - Registration of parties and candidates. RUS-2019-1-001 4.9.8 Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Electoral campaign and campaign material. MEX-2019-1-003 4.9.8.3 Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Electoral campaign and campaign material - Access to media. BRA-2019-1-005 4.9.12 Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Proclamation of results. ALG-2019-1-002 4.11.1 Institutions - Armed forces, police forces and secret services - Armed forces. UKR-2019-1-003 4.11.2 Institutions - Armed forces, police forces and secret services - Police forces. ECH-2019-1-006, GER-2019-1-002, POL-2019-1-001 4.11.3 Institutions - Armed forces, police forces and secret services - Secret services. POL-2019-1-001 4.16 Institutions - International relations. ECH-2019-1-001 4.17.1.1 Institutions - European Union - Institutional structure - European Parliament. ITA-2019-1-004 5.1.1.3 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Foreigners. FRA-2019-1-002 5.1.1.4.1 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Minors. BRA-2019-1-006, CZE-2019-1-003, ECH-2019-1-005, FRA-2019-1-002 5.1.1.4.2 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Incapacitated. ECH-2019-1-003, ECH-2019-1-004 5.1.1.4.3 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Detainees. ECH-2019-1-003 5.1.1.4.4 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Military personnel. UKR-2019-1-003 5.2 Fundamental Rights - Equality. GER-2019-1-009 5.2.1.1 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Public burdens. CZE-2019-1-002, KOS-2019-1-001, RUS-2019-1-006 5.2.1.2 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Employment. CZE-2019-1-002 5.2.1.4 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Elections. IRL-2019-1-003 5.2.2.1 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Gender. BEL-2019-1-001, BRA-2019-1-002, IRL-2019-1-003, MDA-2019-1-001, MDA-2019-1-006 5.2.2.3 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Ethnic origin. MEX-2019-1-002 5.2.2.4 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Citizenship or nationality. ALG-2019-1-001, RUS-2019-1-004 5.2.2.6 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Religion. AUT-2019-1-001 5.2.2.7 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Age. FRA-2019-1-002 5.2.2.8 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Physical or mental disability. CRC-2019-1-001, GER-2019-1-005 5.2.2.9 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Political opinions or affiliation. BUL-2019-1-002 5.2.2.10 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Language. LAT-2019-1-002 5.2.2.11 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Sexual orientation. BEL-2019-1-001, BRA-2019-1-002, LTU-2019-1-001 5.2.2.12 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Civil status. BEL-2019-1-001, BIH-2019-1-002, GER-2019-1-009 5.3.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to dignity. BRA-2019-1-002, BUL-2019-1-002, CRC-2019-1-001, FRA-2019-1-001, HUN-2019-1-005, HUN-2019-1-006, IRL-2019-1-001, IRL-2019-1-002, ITA-2019-1-003, LTU-2019-1-001 5.3.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to life. ECH-2019-1-001, ECH-2019-1-004, ITA-2019-1-003 5.3.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Prohibition of torture and inhuman and degrading treatment. ECH-2019-1-003, ECH-2019-1-005 5.3.5 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty. FRA-2019-1-001, PLE-2019-1-002, UKR-2019-1-002 5.3.5.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty. ECH-2019-1-003 5.3.5.1.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty - Arrest. POL-2019-1-003 5.3.5.1.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty - Non-penal measures. ITA-2019-1-002 5.3.5.1.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty - Detention pending trial. GER-2019-1-004 5.3.6 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of movement. LTU-2019-1-001, PLE-2019-1-002 5.3.13 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial. CHI-2019-1-001, ECH-2019-1-007, POL-2019-1-001 5.3.13.1.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Civil proceedings. LTU-2019-1-003 5.3.13.1.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Criminal proceedings. AZE-2019-1-002, BLR-2019-1-001, BUL-2019-1-001, CZE-2019-1-004, MDA-2019-1-002 5.3.13.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Effective remedy. BLR-2019-1-001, CRO-2019-1-001 5.3.13.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts. CZE-2019-1-004, GER-2019-1-006, GER-2019-1-008, MDA-2019-1-002, MDA-2019-1-003, MDA-2019-1-004, RUS-2019-1-001, RUS-2019-1-002, RUS-2019-1-004, RUS-2019-1-005 5.3.13.6 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right to a hearing. CZE-2019-1-003 5.3.13.7 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right to participate in the administration of justice. CZE-2019-1-004, MDA-2019-1-002, MDA-2019-1-003, MDA-2019-1-004 5.3.13.9 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Public hearings. HUN-2019-1-005 5.3.13.13 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Trial/decision within reasonable time. CRO-2019-1-001, GER-2019-1-004 5.3.13.14 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Independence. HUN-2019-1-004, ITA-2019-1-001, PLE-2019-1-001 5.3.13.15 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Impartiality. ITA-2019-1-001, PLE-2019-1-001 5.3.13.17 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Rules of evidence. BUL-2019-1-002, CAN-2019-1-003 5.3.13.18 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Reasoning. CRO-2019-1-004 5.3.13.20 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Adversarial principle. BUL-2019-1-001 5.3.13.22 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Presumption of innocence. BUL-2019-1-002, LAT-2019-1-001, PLE-2019-1-002, UKR-2019-1-002 5.3.13.27 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right to counsel. ECH-2019-1-006, LTU-2019-1-003 5.3.14 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Ne bis in idem. CZE-2019-1-001 5.3.19 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of opinion. SUI-2019-1-001 5.3.21 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression. BIH-2019-1-001, BRA-2019-1-005, CZE-2019-1-004, FRA-2019-1-003, HUN-2019-1-001, HUN-2019-1-003, HUN-2019-1-005, HUN-2019-1-006, MEX-2019-1-003 5.3.23 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights in respect of the audiovisual media and other means of mass communication. HUN-2019-1-005, HUN-2019-1-006 5.3.24 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to information. ARG-2019-1-001, MEX-2019-1-003 5.3.25 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to administrative transparency. ITA-2019-1-006 5.3.25.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to administrative transparency - Right of access to administrative documents. ARG-2019-1-001 5.3.27 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of association. HUN-2019-1-003, ITA-2019-1-001 5.3.28 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of assembly. FRA-2019-1-003, SUI-2019-1-001 5.3.29.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to participate in public affairs - Right to participate in political activity. IRL-2019-1-003, ITA-2019-1-001 5.3.31 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to respect for one's honour and reputation. CZE-2019-1-004 5.3.32 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life. BEL-2019-1-001, BEL-2019-1-002, CZE-2019-1-001, CZE-2019-1-002, CZE-2019-1-004, ECH-2019-1-002, ECH-2019-1-006, LTU-2019-1-001 5.3.32.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life - Protection of personal data. CAN-2019-1-003, GER-2019-1-002, ITA-2019-1-006 5.3.33 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life. CZE-2019-1-003, GER-2019-1-007, GER-2019-1-009 5.3.33.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life - Descent. BEL-2019-1-001, CZE-2019-1-001, ECH-2019-1-002 5.3.35 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Inviolability of the home. GER-2019-1-008 5.3.36.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Inviolability of communications - Electronic communications. CAN-2019-1-003, GER-2019-1-003 5.3.38 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Non-retrospective effect of law. NED-2019-1-001 5.3.38.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Non-retrospective effect of law - Criminal law. UKR-2019-1-002 5.3.39 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to property. BIH-2019-1-002, GER-2019-1-007, MDA-2019-1-003, RUS-2019-1-002 5.3.41.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Electoral rights - Right to vote. CAN-2019-1-001, GER-2019-1-005 5.3.41.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Electoral rights - Right to stand for election. GER-2019-1-005, RUS-2019-1-001 5.3.41.6 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Electoral rights - Frequency and regularity of elections. MDA-2019-1-007 5.3.42 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights in respect of taxation. RUS-2019-1-006 5.3.43 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to self fulfilment. BRA-2019-1-002 5.3.44 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights of the child. CZE-2019-1-001, CZE-2019-1-003, MDA-2019-1-006 5.3.45 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Protection of minorities and persons belonging to minorities. LAT-2019-1-002, MEX-2019-1-004 5.4.1 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Freedom to teach. BRA-2019-1-006 5.4.2 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to education. BRA-2019-1-006, LAT-2019-1-002 5.4.3 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to work. BUL-2019-1-002, CZE-2019-1-002, KOR-2019-1-001 5.4.4 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Freedom to choose one's profession. GER-2019-1-003 5.4.5 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Freedom to work for remuneration. FRA-2019-1-001, KOR-2019-1-001 5.4.6 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Commercial and industrial freedom. CZE-2019-1-002, MDA-2019-1-005, SUI-2019-1-001 5.4.8 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Freedom of contract. FRA-2019-1-001 5.4.10 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to strike. CRO-2019-1-003, KOR-2019-1-002, SUI-2019-1-002 5.4.11 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Freedom of trade unions. KOR-2019-1-002 5.4.14 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to social security. BUL-2019-1-002, UKR-2019-1-003 5.4.17 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to just and decent working conditions. KOR-2019-1-001 5.4.18 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to a sufficient standard of living. CRC-2019-1-001 5.4.19 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health. BRA-2019-1-001, CRC-2019-1-001, FRA-2019-1-001, ITA-2019-1-003, MDA-2019-1-005 5.4.22 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Artistic freedom. BRA-2019-1-005 5.5.1 Fundamental Rights - Collective rights - Right to the environment. BLR-2019-1-002, BRA-2019-1-001, BRA-2019-1-003 5.5.4 Fundamental Rights - Collective rights - Right to self-determination. MEX-2019-1-001, MEX-2019-1-002
Accident, Chernobyl nuclear power plant
UKR-2019-1-003 Act, labour standards
KOR-2019-1-001 Administrative Court, new system, ministerial role
HUN-2019-1-004 Adoption, child, best interest
GER-2019-1-009 Adoption, stepchild
GER-2019-1-009 Advertising, commercial
SUI-2019-1-001 Agency, policy, protocol, coordination
CRC-2019-1-001 Amendment, legislative
MDA-2019-1-007 Amnesty
MDA-2019-1-006 Amnesty in individual cases
POL-2019-1-002 Ancillary penalties
ITA-2019-1-002 Appeal
ALG-2019-1-002 Appeal proceedings, legal representation, mandatory
LTU-2019-1-003 Appeal, leave to appeal
MDA-2019-1-002, MDA-2019-1-004 Asbestos, substance, carcinogenic
BRA-2019-1-001 Assets
ALG-2019-1-002 Assistance with suicide
ITA-2019-1-003 Assisted suicide
ITA-2019-1-003 Asylum
FRA-2019-1-002 Bankruptcy and insolvency, provable claim, costs of abandoning and reclaiming oil and gas assets
CAN-2019-1-002 Be elected
ALG-2019-1-002 Biological descent
BEL-2019-1-001 Blood test
CZE-2019-1-001 Border, competence, legislative, limit
GER-2019-1-002 Border, control
GER-2019-1-002 Border, crossing
GER-2019-1-002 Broadcasting company, fee, enforcement
CRO-2019-1-002 Business, activity
MDA-2019-1-005 Car, number plate, recognition, automatic
GER-2019-1-002 Case-law, development, respect for constitutional guarantees and rights
IRL-2019-1-002, IRL-2019-1-001 Child luring, internet
CAN-2019-1-003 Child, access, right, procedure
CZE-2019-1-003 Child, best interest
CZE-2019-1-003, MDA-2019-1-006 Child, care
CZE-2019-1-003 Child, father, identity, right to know, limitation
CZE-2019-1-001 Child, separation from imprisoned mother
MDA-2019-1-006 Chilling effect
HUN-2019-1-003 Civil action, time-limit
MDA-2019-1-004 Civil proceedings
MDA-2019-1-003 Civil register, amendment, name
BRA-2019-1-002 Civil right, dispute
MDA-2019-1-004 Community, indigenous, consultation process
MEX-2019-1-004 Compensation, non-pecuniary damage
CZE-2019-1-004 Competence, legislative
GER-2019-1-002 Competence, legislative limit
GER-2019-1-001 Competence, legislative, concurrent
GER-2019-1-002 Competence, legislative, distribution
GER-2019-1-002 Competence, legislative, limit
GER-2019-1-002 Competition, economic, protection
CZE-2019-1-002 Competition, protection
MDA-2019-1-005 Competition, unfair
MDA-2019-1-005 Concealment of face
SUI-2019-1-001 Confinement, person of unsound mind
ECH-2019-1-003 Confiscation, property
MDA-2019-1-004 Consensual union
BIH-2019-1-002 Constitution, amendment, substantive limitation
SVK-2019-1-001 Constitution, amendments
UKR-2019-1-001 Constitution, Civil Procedure Code
AZE-2019-1-001 Constitution, material core
SVK-2019-1-001 Constitution, nonconformity, continued application
KOR-2019-1-002 Constitutional amendment, review
SVK-2019-1-001 Constitutional Court, competence, exclusive
HUN-2019-1-002 Court, inactivity
GER-2019-1-004 Court, member, civil servant, independence
PLE-2019-1-001 Court, proceeding, length
GER-2019-1-004 Courtroom, officials, photography
HUN-2019-1-005 Creation
ALG-2019-1-001 Crime, ingredients
PLE-2019-1-002 Criminal law, fundamental principles
HUN-2019-1-003 Criminal Procedure Code, arbitrary refusal of attorney, prohibition
AZE-2019-1-002 Criminal proceedings
ECH-2019-1-007 Criminal prosecution
MDA-2019-1-002 Custody, medical treatment
ECH-2019-1-003 Custom court, composition
PLE-2019-1-001 Damage, compensation
BIH-2019-1-001 Damage, reimbursement
UKR-2019-1-003 Data matching
GER-2019-1-002 Data protection
GER-2019-1-003 Data, collection
GER-2019-1-002 Data, destruction
GER-2019-1-002 Debtor, right to access courts
MDA-2019-1-003 Declaration
ALG-2019-1-002 Declassification, procedures
ROM-2019-1-001 Demonstration, identity check
FRA-2019-1-003 Demonstration, public order
FRA-2019-1-003 Demonstration, public safety
FRA-2019-1-003 Demonstration, total ban
FRA-2019-1-003 Detention, arbitrary, judicial protection
POL-2019-1-003 Detention, separation of mother and child
MDA-2019-1-006 Determination, legislative
UKR-2019-1-002 Discretion, undue
ECH-2019-1-007 Discrimination
MDA-2019-1-006 Discrimination, children, marital status
GER-2019-1-009 Discrimination, exclusion from voting rights
GER-2019-1-005 Discrimination, list, prohibited grounds
LAT-2019-1-002 Discrimination, parentage
BEL-2019-1-001 Discrimination, procedure, adoption
GER-2019-1-009 Dissolution
ALG-2019-1-001 DNA analysis
CZE-2019-1-001 DNA, analysis, right to private life, interference
ECH-2019-1-002 Dual nationality
RUS-2019-1-004 Education in minority language, right
LAT-2019-1-002 Education, duty, State
BRA-2019-1-006 Educational system
LAT-2019-1-002 Election to Parliament, law
MDA-2019-1-007 Election, campaign, restrictions
BRA-2019-1-005 Election, candidate, nomination by political party, obligatory
IRL-2019-1-003 Election, candidate, party, nomination
IRL-2019-1-003 Election, candidate, registration procedure
IRL-2019-1-003 Election, Electoral law, principle of representative voting, qualifying threshold
ITA-2019-1-004 Election, electoral rights, court protection
RUS-2019-1-001 Election, European Parliament
ITA-2019-1-004 Election, municipal council, deputies
RUS-2019-1-001 Election, political party, right to participate in elections
IRL-2019-1-003 Elections, Parliament
MDA-2019-1-007 Elective mandate
ALG-2019-1-001 Electoral roll
ALG-2019-1-002 Eligibility
ALG-2019-1-002 Email provider
GER-2019-1-003 Employer, unfavourable
KOR-2019-1-001 Employment, dismissal, advance notice, exception
KOR-2019-1-001 Employment, dismissal, payment in lieu of notice, day labour contract
KOR-2019-1-001 Enrichment, illicit
UKR-2019-1-002 Enterprise, small, medium
CZE-2019-1-002 Environment, protection
BLR-2019-1-002 Environment, responsibility for costs of abandoning and reclaiming oil and gas assets
CAN-2019-1-002 Environment, zone, protected
BRA-2019-1-003 Equality
AUT-2019-1-001 Equity, electoral contests
MEX-2019-1-003 Establishing truth, non ultra petita
AZE-2019-1-001 Eternity clause
SVK-2019-1-001 EU law, implementation, constitutional obligation
LTU-2019-1-001 European Convention on Human Rights, Contracting States, cooperation, obligation
ECH-2019-1-001 European Court of Human Rights, decision, national, reopening
GER-2019-1-006 European Court of Human Rights, friendly settlement, national law, effects
GER-2019-1-006 European Court of Human Rights, judgment, domestic case, reopening
GER-2019-1-006 Euthanasia
ITA-2019-1-003 Evidence, new, consideration
BLR-2019-1-001 Expediency, requirement
GER-2019-1-004 Expressive activity, exercise, form
HUN-2019-1-001 Family member, right not to testify
GER-2019-1-007 Father
MDA-2019-1-001 Federation, constituent entity, border, initial delimitation
RUS-2019-1-003 Federation, constituent entity, border, modification
RUS-2019-1-003 Final results
ALG-2019-1-002 Financing, Red Cross
KOS-2019-1-001 Foreigner, detention, fast-track procedure
POL-2019-1-003 Foreigner, non-resident, minor offence, punishable by fine, detention
POL-2019-1-003 Forfeiture
ALG-2019-1-001 Fundamental rights, interference, statutory basis
GER-2019-1-003 Gender identity, determination
BRA-2019-1-002 Gender quota, constitutionality
IRL-2019-1-003 General interest, criminal justice
GER-2019-1-003 Grandparents, child, care
CZE-2019-1-003 Health care, right resulting from mandatory health insurance
MDA-2019-1-001 Health, care facility
SUI-2019-1-002 Health, protection
MDA-2019-1-001, MDA-2019-1-005 Health, protection, scope
MDA-2019-1-005 Healthcare, public function
SUI-2019-1-002 Holiday, public
CZE-2019-1-002 Home schooling
BRA-2019-1-006 Immigration
FRA-2019-1-002 Immovable
ALG-2019-1-002 Independence, judiciary
SVK-2019-1-001 Indigenous community, self-determination
MEX-2019-1-002 Indigenous community, self-determination, autonomy
MEX-2019-1-001 Indigenous community, self-governance
MEX-2019-1-002 Indigenous people, rights, customs, protection
MEX-2019-1-004 Indigenous people, rights, municipalities
MEX-2019-1-001 Information, principle of maximum disclosure
ARG-2019-1-001 Information, State secret, classification
ROM-2019-1-001 Innocence, presumption
UKR-2019-1-002 Institution, public image
BUL-2019-1-002 Insurance, health, statutory
MDA-2019-1-001 Intellectual property, copyright law, right to equitable remuneration
GER-2019-1-007 International organisation, act, protection, individual
BRA-2019-1-001 Internet, IP address data
GER-2019-1-003 Internet, music, downloading
GER-2019-1-007 Internet, personal computers
GER-2019-1-007 Internet, provider, identity of users, verification, obligation
GER-2019-1-007 Internet, user, identity, verification, obligation
GER-2019-1-007 Internment
ALG-2019-1-002 Interpretation, ambiguity
LAT-2019-1-001 Interrogation, police
ECH-2019-1-006 Interruption of the ongoing life-sustaining treatment
ITA-2019-1-003 Investigation, effective
ECH-2019-1-004 Investigation, effective, cooperation
ECH-2019-1-001 Involuntary crimes
ALG-2019-1-002 Judge, access, register duty
GER-2019-1-008 Judge, investigating
GER-2019-1-008 Judge, nomination
ECH-2019-1-007 Judge, on-call duty
GER-2019-1-008 Judges, appointments, security vetting
CRO-2019-1-004 Judicial process
ALG-2019-1-001 Judicial protection against authorities’ arbitrary actions
POL-2019-1-001 Judicial protection, effective, right
GER-2019-1-006 Jurisdictional prerogative, criminal matters
BRA-2019-1-004 Lack of flexibility of the law
ITA-2019-1-002 Language, official, strengthening
LAT-2019-1-002 Law enforcement
GER-2019-1-003 Law, electoral
MDA-2019-1-007 Law, insurance companies, public burdens
KOS-2019-1-001 Law, precision, need
LAT-2019-1-001 Law, quality, foreseeable consequences
LAT-2019-1-001 Law-making procedure, block amendment associated with confidence vote
ITA-2019-1-005 Legal certainty
NED-2019-1-001 Legal expenses, reimbursement
RUS-2019-1-005 Legislative discretion
KOR-2019-1-002 Legislative discretion, scope
KOR-2019-1-001 Legitimate aim
MDA-2019-1-006 Locus standi, appeal
IRL-2019-1-003 Locus standi, constitutional
IRL-2019-1-003 Locus standi, decision, affecting individual other than the addressee
IRL-2019-1-003 Locus standi, establishment, burden
IRL-2019-1-003 Locus standi, establishment, criteria
IRL-2019-1-003 Magistrate, independence, impartiality, political activity
ITA-2019-1-001 Magistrate, participation in political party
ITA-2019-1-001 Magistrate, political appointment
ITA-2019-1-001 Magistrate, standing for election
ITA-2019-1-001 Media broadcasting, television, restrictions
MEX-2019-1-003 Media, founder, restriction
RUS-2019-1-004 Media, legislation, election period
BRA-2019-1-005 Media, ownership
RUS-2019-1-004 Mediation committee
GER-2019-1-001 Medical assistance
MDA-2019-1-001 Medical care
SUI-2019-1-002 Medical personnel
SUI-2019-1-002 Mentally ill, confinement
ECH-2019-1-004 Mentally ill, suicide danger, prevention
ECH-2019-1-004 Military, service, regular
UKR-2019-1-003 Minor foreigner, remedy, right
FRA-2019-1-002 Minor, adulthood, proof, right
FRA-2019-1-002 Minor, foreign, unaccompanied
FRA-2019-1-002 Minor, foreign, unaccompanied, degrading treatment
ECH-2019-1-005 Minor, protection
MDA-2019-1-005 Misdemeanour, foreigner, detention
POL-2019-1-003 Motherhood, right
MDA-2019-1-001 Movable
ALG-2019-1-002 Movement, extremism
CZE-2019-1-004 Municipality, indigenous community, presence
MEX-2019-1-002 National law, flagrant breach
ECH-2019-1-007 National service (military)
ALG-2019-1-002 Nationality
NED-2019-1-001, ALG-2019-1-001 Natural judge
PLE-2019-1-001 Notification, postal
MDA-2019-1-002 Nullum crimen sine lege
LAT-2019-1-001 Number plate, vehicle
GER-2019-1-002 Oblast, renaming
UKR-2019-1-001 Occupation, practise, free, right
GER-2019-1-003 Offence, administrative
CZE-2019-1-002 Offender, prosecution, equality of treatment
MDA-2019-1-002 Oil and gas, end-of-life obligations for oil wells, pipelines and facilities, costs
CAN-2019-1-002 Opening time
CZE-2019-1-002 Order, judicial
MDA-2019-1-003 Parent
MDA-2019-1-001 Parent with custody
CZE-2019-1-003 Parliament, ability to function, protection
IRL-2019-1-002, IRL-2019-1-001 Parliament, action, internal
IRL-2019-1-001, IRL-2019-1-002 Parliament, autonomy
ITA-2019-1-005 Parliament, autonomy, principle
IRL-2019-1-002, IRL-2019-1-001 Parliament, committee, enquiry
IRL-2019-1-001, IRL-2019-1-002 Parliament, committee, hearing
IRL-2019-1-001, IRL-2019-1-002 Parliament, dissolution, justiciability
GBR-2019-1-001 Parliament, member, defamation against private persons
IRL-2019-1-002, IRL-2019-1-001 Parliament, member, immunity
IRL-2019-1-002, IRL-2019-1-001 Parliament, member, inviolability
IRL-2019-1-001, IRL-2019-1-002 Parliament, member, privileges and immunities
IRL-2019-1-002, IRL-2019-1-001 Parliament, member, privileges, infringement
BRA-2019-1-004, IRL-2019-1-002, IRL-2019-1-001 Parliament, member, right to request information, condition
IRL-2019-1-002, IRL-2019-1-001 Parliament, prorogation, justification
GBR-2019-1-001 Parliament, prorogation, lawfulness
GBR-2019-1-001 Parliamentary elections
ALG-2019-1-002 Parliamentary privilege
IRL-2019-1-001, IRL-2019-1-002 Paternity, action to establish
ECH-2019-1-002 Paternity, biological father
CZE-2019-1-001 Paternity, disputed, time limit
CZE-2019-1-001 Paternity, judicial recognition
BEL-2019-1-001 Pension, calculation
UKR-2019-1-003 Pension, consensual partner
BIH-2019-1-002 Personal data, publication, public managers
ITA-2019-1-006 Personal privacy, right
IRL-2019-1-002, IRL-2019-1-001 Place of residence
ALG-2019-1-001 Police, surveillance, email account
GER-2019-1-003 Political activity
SUI-2019-1-001 Political parties
ALG-2019-1-001 Political party, equal participation, right
IRL-2019-1-003 Political party, equal treatment
IRL-2019-1-003 Positive obligation
ECH-2019-1-004 Power of pardon
POL-2019-1-002 President, pardon
POL-2019-1-002 Prison, care, psychiatric, treatment, appropriate
ECH-2019-1-003 Prison, care, psychiatric, treatment, individualised
ECH-2019-1-003 Prison, mentally ill
ECH-2019-1-003 Prison, sanction
MDA-2019-1-006 Privacy, fiscal data of public managers, publication
ITA-2019-1-006 Privileges, immunities
CHI-2019-1-001 Procedural ruling, appeal, right
BLR-2019-1-001 Proceedings, discontinuation
CZE-2019-1-001 Proceedings, participation, victim, right
CZE-2019-1-004 Proceedings, reopening, condition
GER-2019-1-006 Proceedings, reopening, ground
GER-2019-1-006 Procreation, medically assisted
BEL-2019-1-001 Professional confidentiality, exception, reporting to the public prosecutor
BEL-2019-1-002 Prohibition
ALG-2019-1-002 Property tax, tax base, real estate
RUS-2019-1-006 Property, protection
MDA-2019-1-003 Prostitution, client, sex
FRA-2019-1-001 Prostitution, client, unspecified
FRA-2019-1-001 Protracted proceedings, remedy, effectiveness
CRO-2019-1-001 Province, legislative competence
BRA-2019-1-001 Provisional results
ALG-2019-1-002 Psychiatric hospital, confinement
ECH-2019-1-004 Psychiatric, care, linguistic obstacle
ECH-2019-1-003 Public event
SUI-2019-1-001 Public figure, private life
HUN-2019-1-006 Public office, suspension
BUL-2019-1-002 Public official, photographs, video footage
HUN-2019-1-005 Public place
SUI-2019-1-001 Public service, privatisation
FRA-2019-1-004 Reasonable suspicion
ECH-2019-1-006 Reasonableness, length of proceedings
GER-2019-1-004 Referendum, continuity, principle
LTU-2019-1-002 Referendum, initiative, procedure
CRO-2019-1-005 Referendum, preparatory act, review, jurisdiction
FRA-2019-1-004 Referendum, process, fairness
LTU-2019-1-002 Refugee, status
HUN-2019-1-002 Registered security guard, legal status
KOR-2019-1-002 Registered security guard, work, public nature, social impact
KOR-2019-1-002 Religion, autonomy, limit
AUT-2019-1-001 Religion, organisation
AUT-2019-1-001 Republic, principle of publicity
ARG-2019-1-001 Reputation, commercial
BIH-2019-1-001 Res judicata
CZE-2019-1-001 Resource, natural, exploitation
BRA-2019-1-003 Resource, natural, protection
BRA-2019-1-003 Retrospective effect
NED-2019-1-001 Right of amendment, Parliament
MDA-2019-1-007 Right of ownership, protection, procedural succession
RUS-2019-1-002 Right to appeal
MDA-2019-1-003, MDA-2019-1-002, MDA-2019-1-004 Right to family reunification, same-sex family
LTU-2019-1-001 Rule against excessive restriction
KOR-2019-1-002 Rule, national, breach, flagrant
ECH-2019-1-007 Rule, national, disregard
ECH-2019-1-007 School, state, compulsory
BRA-2019-1-006 Search and seizure unreasonable, online communications with undercover officer
CAN-2019-1-003 Search of a person, law enforcement
POL-2019-1-001 Search warrant, issuance, by independent and impartial decision maker
GER-2019-1-008 Search warrant, judicial
GER-2019-1-008 Search, body, reasonable suspicion
ECH-2019-1-006 Search, private home, warrant
GER-2019-1-008 Security check, judges
SVK-2019-1-001 Separation of powers, checks and balances
IRL-2019-1-002, IRL-2019-1-001 Social protection
MDA-2019-1-001 Social security, body
BEL-2019-1-002 Specialised courts
BUL-2019-1-001 State authorities, distribution of powers
ROM-2019-1-001 State Public Officials Act, application mutatis mutandis
KOR-2019-1-002 Statute, relevance, applicability
BUL-2019-1-003 Strike, ban
SUI-2019-1-002 Strike, essential service
SUI-2019-1-002 Strike, postponement
CRO-2019-1-003 Strike, preliminary mediation process
CRO-2019-1-003 Strike, restriction in public services
SUI-2019-1-002 Subsistence level, minimum
CRC-2019-1-001 Substitution of a successor for a litigant
RUS-2019-1-002 Suffrage, universal
GER-2019-1-005 Suicide, danger, prevention
ECH-2019-1-004 Suicide, mentally ill, psychiatric hospital
ECH-2019-1-004 Summary proceedings
MDA-2019-1-003 Supreme Court, judge, appointment
CRO-2019-1-004 Telecommunications, privacy, email
GER-2019-1-003 Terrorism
NED-2019-1-001 Terrorism, offence, intent
BEL-2019-1-002 Terrorism, police, powers
ECH-2019-1-006 Time-limit for appeal
MDA-2019-1-004 Tobacco, product
MDA-2019-1-005 Tobacco, sale, restrictions
MDA-2019-1-005 Torture, anti-torture, Committee
CHI-2019-1-001 Torture, United Nations Convention
CHI-2019-1-001 Trade unions, representativeness, non-discrimination
SRB-2019-1-001 Transparency, public administration
ITA-2019-1-006 Transsexuality, name, change
BRA-2019-1-002 Trespassing, presumption
PLE-2019-1-002 Video footage, photographs, celebrities
HUN-2019-1-006 Voting right, persons who are abroad
CAN-2019-1-001 Vulnerable groups
CRC-2019-1-001 Vulnerable person, protection
ECH-2019-1-004 Waste, dangerous
BLR-2019-1-002, BRA-2019-1-001 Working hours
CZE-2019-1-002