e-Bulletin on Constitutional Case-Law
2021/1

The electronic Bulletin on Constitutional Case-Law ("e-Bulletin") is produced by the European Commission for Democracy through Law, better known as the Venice Commission. The e-Bulletin regularly reports on the case-law of constitutional courts and courts with equivalent jurisdiction in Europe and beyond, including case-law of the European Court of Human Rights, the Court of Justice of the European Union and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. The e-Bulletin is sent to liaison officers and to subscribers by e-mail three times a year, each mailing reports on the most important case-law gathered during a four-month period.

The e-Bulletin’s aim is to allow judges and constitutional law specialists to be informed quickly about the most important judgments rendered in the field of constitutional justice. The exchange of information and ideas among courts in different countries with similar or different legal traditions, in the field of judge-made law, is of vital importance. Such an exchange of information and such cooperation, we hope, will not only benefit the newly established constitutional courts, but will also enrich the case-law of longer established courts. The main purpose of the e-Bulletin on Constitutional Case-Law is to foster an exchange of information and ideas and to assist national judges in solving difficult questions of law, which often arise simultaneously in courts of different countries.

If you wish to receive the e-Bulletin, please subscribe at the page https://www.venice.coe.int/files/bulletin/eBulletin-subscription.html.

The Venice Commission is grateful to the liaison officers of constitutional and equivalent courts, who regularly prepare the contributions, reproduced in the Bulletin with links to our database CODICES. As such, the summaries of decisions and opinions in the Bulletin do not constitute an official record of court decisions and should not be considered as offering or purporting to offer an authoritative interpretation of the law.

The Venice Commission would like to thank the International Organisation of the Francophonie for their support in ensuring that contributions from its member, associate and observer states can be translated into French.

T. Gerwien
Legal Officer, Division on Constitutional Justice
European Commission for Democracy through Law (“Venice Commission”)
October 2021

A. List of précis by country

B. Systematic Thesaurus

C. Alphabetical Index

A. List of précis by country
Algeria Argentina Armenia Austria
Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina
Brazil Canada Council of Europe Croatia
Czech Republic Estonia European Union France
Germany Greece Italy Korea, Republic
Kosovo Liechtenstein Lithuania Mexico
Moldova, Republic of Norway Portugal Romania
Russia Serbia Slovenia South Africa
Spain Switzerland Sweden Ukraine
United Kingdom United States of America

ALGERIA

ALG-2021-1-001 a) Algeria / b) Constitutional Council / c) / d) 01.06.2019 / e) DCC/20 / f) /
The right of citizens freely to choose their President and their representatives in the various assemblies is guaranteed by the Constitution. Their right to safety is also guaranteed. The cancellation of the presidential election and the institutional vacuum resulting from the rejection of applications to stand in the election of 4 July 2019 may undermine fundamental rights and public... Read more
3.3.2 General Principles - Democracy - Direct democracy.
4.4.4.3 Institutions - Head of State - Appointment - Direct/indirect election.
4.4.5.2 Institutions - Head of State - Term of office - Duration of office.
Presidential election / Constitution, spirit / Continuity of operation of constitutional institutions / Public safety, public order.

ALG-2021-1-002 a) Algeria / b) Constitutional Council / c) / d) 20.11.2019 / e) 01/DCC/EI / f) /
The right of appeal is guaranteed. The right of appeal to a higher court in criminal matters must be guaranteed by law, which must lay down the arrangements for its implementation. While the legislature has the power to determine the arrangements, it is for the Constitutional Council alone to assess their constitutionality in relation to the rights and freedoms enshrined in the Constitution and... Read more
3.21 General Principles - Equality.
5.2.1.2.2 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Employment - In public law.
5.3.13.4 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Double degree of jurisdiction.
Court, higher appeal court / Fair trial, appeal, right.

ALG-2021-1-003 a) Algeria / b) Constitutional Council / c) / d) 10.01.2021 / e) 01/DCC/EI / f) /
The principle of equality before the law and justice is enshrined in the Constitution. While the legislature has the power to determine the relevant arrangements, it is for the Constitutional Council alone to assess their constitutionality in relation to the rights and freedoms enshrined in the Constitution and to ensure that these procedural arrangements do not infringe the right of appeal to a... Read more
3.21 General Principles - Equality.
5.2.1.2.2 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Employment - In public law.
5.3.13.4 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Double degree of jurisdiction.
Court, higher appeal court / Fair trial, appeal, right.

ALG-2021-1-004 a) Algeria / b) Constitutional Council / c) / d) 10.03.2021 / e) 16/DCC/21 / f) /
The power assigned by the legislature to the Council of the Independent National Elections Authority to issue opinions on draft legislation relating to elections must not restrict the institutions with the power to prepare such legislation. The authority may nevertheless make proposals and recommendations concerning such draft legislation. Appeals against the decisions of the Oversight... Read more
3.9 General Principles - Rule of law.
4.9.1 Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Competent body for the organisation and control of voting.
4.9.8.1 Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Electoral campaign and campaign material - Campaign financing.
5.2 Fundamental Rights - Equality.
5.3.29.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to participate in public affairs - Right to participate in political activity.
Elections, legislative, eligibility, voters’ list, results, provisional, final / Detention, crimes, involuntary, financing, election campaign.

ARGENTINA

ARG-2021-1-001 a) Argentina / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 18.03.2021 / e) CAF 28786/2015/CA1-CS1/ f) Mihura Estrada, Ricardo and others v. Colegio Público de Abogados de la Capital Federal s/ amparo ley 16.986 / f) /
An extraordinary appeal is formally admissible when the interpretation of federal regulations is challenged and when the final decision of a higher court is contrary to the right the appellant has based their claim on (Section 14.3 of Public Law no. 48 of Argentina). The right to access information includes an individual right of every person to seek information and a positive obligation of the... Read more
2.1.1.4.8 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966.
2.1.1.4.11 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - American Convention on Human Rights of 1969.
3.18 General Principles - General interest.
4.7.15.1 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Legal assistance and representation of parties - The Bar.
4.15 Institutions - Exercise of public functions by private bodies.
5.3.24 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to information.
5.3.25 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to administrative transparency.
5.3.25.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to administrative transparency - Right of access to administrative documents.
Non-governmental legal person of public law, power, delegation / Public Bar Association of the Federal Capital.

ARMENIA

ARM-2021-1-001 a) Armenia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 02.03.2021 / e) DCC-1579 / f) Conformity of Article 145.1 of the Administrative Procedure Code with the Constitution, based on the application of RATINA LLC /
In terms of the administration of justice, it is not only the court's conclusion on the satisfaction or rejection of a claim which is important. Of equal significance is the legal analysis that has served as the basis for that conclusion. The lack of competence of the Court of Appeal to consider complaints solely in respect of the reasoning part of the contested judicial act fails to safeguard... Read more
5.3.13.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Effective remedy.
5.3.13.18 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Reasoning.
Court decision, reasoning, appeal.

AUSTRIA

AUT-2021-1-001 a) Austria / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 04.03.2021 / e) E 4037/2020 / f) /
Article 10.1 ECHR may, under certain conditions, justify a right of access to information in individual cases. The rejection of a journalist's request for information about continued salary payments to former members of the National Council violates the journalist’s right of access to information. Such continued payments cannot be viewed separately from the former mandate; therefore, there is an... Read more
3.17 General Principles - Weighing of interests.
5.3.24 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to information.
5.3.32 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
5.3.32.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life - Protection of personal data.
Journalist, public watchdog / Journalists, access to information / Information, access / Legitimate interest / Member of Parliament, public office, private life.

AZERBAIJAN

AZE-2021-1-001 a) Azerbaijan / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenum / d) 08.01.2021 / e) / f) Interpretation of Articles 1193 and 1200 of the Civil Code /
The right of first-degree heirs to inherit by law a mandatory share in an inheritance is a subjective right that arises independently of a will. It will come into play as a result of a breach of the rights of the heirs. It cannot be changed unilaterally and is binding.
3.10 General Principles - Certainty of the law.
5.3.13.20 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Adversarial principle.
Inheritance, mandatory share / Right to inherit.

AZE-2021-1-002 a) Azerbaijan / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenum / d) 18.03.2021 / e) / f) Verification of conformity of the Decision of the Civil Chamber of the Supreme Court, 29 June 2020, in the appeal by E. Shahbazov with the Constitution and laws /
A court’s refusal to reconsider a dispute over an inheritance issue was in breach of the right to apply to court, the adversarial principle and of the right to property.
5.3.13.1.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Civil proceedings.
5.3.13.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.
5.3.39 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to property.
Probate, dispute.

BELARUS

BLR-2021-1-001 a) Belarus / b) Constitutional Court / c) En banc / d) 29.04.2021 / e) D-1261/2021 / f) Conformity of the Law on "Protection of Personal Data" to the Constitution /
The Law determines requirements for the processing of personal data and sets out specific cases when the consent of the person subject to the processing of his/her personal data should not be necessary. Such derogation appears to be permissible and proportionate to the constitutionally significant goals, provided that a consistent level of protection from unauthorised or unlawful access to... Read more
3.9 General Principles - Rule of law.
3.13 General Principles - Legality.
5.3.32.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life - Protection of personal data.
Data, personal, treatment / Protection, data, privacy, violation, consent.

BELGIUM

BEL-2021-1-001 a) Belgium / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 14.01.2021 / e) 2/2021 / f) /
The law which requires two fingerprints to be taken from all identity card holders and provides that a digitised image of these fingerprints shall be stored on this card is compatible with the right to respect for private life and the right to protection of personal data recognised by Article 8 ECHR.
5.3.32.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life - Protection of personal data.
Identity card, biometric data, storage / Digital fingerprint.

BEL-2021-1-002 a) Belgium / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 11.02.2021 / e) 22/2021 / f) /
Minors aged 12 years and over have capacity to make an application to set aside a decision to the Court where they possess the requisite powers of judgment and act in respect of decisions that directly concern them personally and for which they are recognised as being an independent party to the proceedings. Where it imposes a measure or penalty on minors, the law must ensure that the child’s... Read more
1.2.2.1 Constitutional Justice - Types of claim - Claim by a private body or individual - Natural person.
3.14 General Principles - Nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege.
5.1.1.4.1 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Minors.
5.3.13.22 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Presumption of innocence.
5.3.13.23 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right to remain silent.
5.3.44 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights of the child.
Referral, minor / Youth court, best interests of the child / Right to remain silent / Rule requiring offences and punishments to be strictly defined by law, criminal.

BEL-2021-1-003 a) Belgium / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 22.04.2021 / e) 57/2021 / f) /
The law which obliges operators and providers of electronic communications services to retain identification, access, connection and communication data as a rule and in a generalised and indiscriminate manner is incompatible with the right to respect for private life and communications recognised by Article 7 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, the right to protection of... Read more
5.3.21 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
5.3.32.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life - Protection of personal data.
5.3.36.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Inviolability of communications - Electronic communications.
Personal data, retention / Communication, electronic.

BEL-2021-1-004 a) Belgium / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 22.04.2021 / e) 60/2021 / f) /
Subject to certain conditions, environmental protection officers are permitted to carry out house searches in order to tackle wildlife trafficking. Permission is linked to a particular purpose and subject to the examining judge’s prior and reasoned authorisation. There is also a requirement that the officers concerned must have sworn an oath before the court of first instance, must consider the... Read more
2.1.1.4.4 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - European Convention on Human Rights of 1950.
2.1.1.4.8 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966.
5.3.13 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial.
5.3.32 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
5.3.35 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Inviolability of the home.
Environment, house search / House search, environmental officer / Search, conditions / Search, examining judge / Search, grounds.

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

BIH-2021-1-001 a) Bosnia and Herzegovina / b) Constitutional Court / c) Grand Chamber / d) 10.11.2020 / e) AP 809/19 / f) /
Through excessive formalism in the application of the Labour Law and through arbitrary interpretation of the obligation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and its authorities under the Convention no. 181 of the International Labour Organisation, the courts had violated the appellant’s right to a fair trial.
5.3.13.18 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Reasoning.
ILO, Convention no. 181 / Labour, law / Law, application, incorrect / Work, assignment.

BIH-2021-1-002 a) Bosnia and Herzegovina / b) Constitutional Court / c) Grand Chamber / d) 22.12.2020 / e) AP 3683/20 / f) /
The orders issued by narrow segments of the executive authority on mandatory wearing of protective face masks and on the restriction of movement constituted a violation of the right to private life and freedom of movement.
2.1.1.4.4 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - European Convention on Human Rights of 1950.
3.9 General Principles - Rule of law.
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
3.17 General Principles - Weighing of interests.
3.22 General Principles - Prohibition of arbitrariness.
4.18 Institutions - State of emergency and emergency powers.
5.1.4.2 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Limits and restrictions - General/special clause of limitation.
5.1.4.3 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Limits and restrictions - Subsequent review of limitation.
5.1.5 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Emergency situations.
5.3.6 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of movement.
5.3.32 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
Circumstance, exceptional / COVID-19, pandemic / Protection of the existent health system.

BRAZIL

BRA-2021-1-001 a) Brazil / b) Supreme Court / c) Full Court / d) 18.12.2020 / e) Direct Action of Unconstitutionality 6575 (ADI 6575) / f) School tuition discounts during the COVID-19 pandemic /
State legislation that determines a mandatory discount of school tuition fees for private schools during the time restriction measures are imposed because of the public health emergency caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, is unconstitutional. According to the Constitution, matters of civil and contractual law fall under the legislative competence of the Union and cannot be dealt with under State... Read more
3.4 General Principles - Separation of powers.
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
3.20 General Principles - Reasonableness.
4.8.8 Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Distribution of powers.
4.18 Institutions - State of emergency and emergency powers.
5.4.2 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to education.
5.4.8 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Freedom of contract.
COVID-19 / Contract, applicable law / Contract, obligation to negotiate / Contract, obligation, failure to fulfil / Contract, obligation, inability to fulfil / Contract, performance, good faith / COVID-19 pandemic, contact tracing application / COVID-19, special legal order / Education, access / Education, duty / Education, fee / Health, emergency / economic activity, freedom.

BRA-2021-1-002 a) Brazil / b) Supreme Court / c) Full Court / d) 11.02.2021 / e) Extraordinary Appeal 1010606 (RE 1010606) / f) There is no right to be forgotten in the Constitution /
The concept of the right to be forgotten, understood as the power to prevent, due to the passage of time, the disclosure of facts or data that are true and lawfully obtained and published in analogue or digital media, is incompatible with the Constitution. The right to be forgotten poses an excessive and peremptory restriction on the freedoms of expression and thought and the right to... Read more
5.3.5 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty.
5.3.21 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
5.3.22 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of the written press.
5.3.23 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights in respect of the audiovisual media and other means of mass communication.
5.3.31 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to respect for one's honour and reputation.
5.3.32.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life - Protection of personal data.
Censorship / Freedom of expression, freedom to receive information / Right to information, truth / Freedom of media / Freedom of press / Honour, respect, right / Privacy, Right to be forgotten.

BRA-2021-1-003 a) Brazil / b) Supreme Court / c) Full Court / d) 23.02.2021 / e) Claim of Non-Compliance with a Fundamental Precept 742 (ADPF 742) / f) The government has the duty to elaborate and implement a plan to face the COVID-19 pandemic in quilombola communities /
The Union has the duty to elaborate and implement a plan to face the COVID-19 pandemic in quilombola communities as their fundamental rights of human dignity, life, and health need to be fulfilled. The COVID-19 pandemic leads to a general violation of the fundamental rights of quilombolas because it worsens the quilombolas’s state of vulnerability and historical... Read more
5.1.5 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Emergency situations.
5.3.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to life.
5.3.24 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to information.
5.3.45 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Protection of minorities and persons belonging to minorities.
5.4.9 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right of access to the public service.
5.4.19 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
COVID-19, pandemic, measures / COVID-19, special legal order / Health, emergency.

BRA-2021-1-004 a) Brazil / b) Supreme Court / c) Single-judge decision / d) 23.02.2021 / e) Confirmation of the Provisional Remedy on Habeas Corpus 188820 (HC 188820 MC-Ref) / f) Detainees under semi-open conditions who meet certain criteria may be considered for house arrest /
To avoid the spread and negative impact of COVID-19 in the prison system and abroad, detainees under semi-open conditions who meet certain criteria may be considered for house arrest based on a case-by-case assessment by the judges responsible for the sentence time enforcement, as provided by the Inter-Agency Standing Committee’s Interim Guidance on COVID-19: Focus on Persons Deprived of Their... Read more
4.4.6.1.2 Institutions - Head of State - Status - Liability - Political responsibility.
5.1.5 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Emergency situations.
5.3.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to life.
5.3.4 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to physical and psychological integrity.
5.3.5.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty.
5.3.5.1.4 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty - Conditional release.
5.3.12 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Security of the person.
5.4.19 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
COVID-19, pandemic, measures / COVID-19, special legal order / Custody, medical treatment / Disease, infectious / Health, protection, effective / Health, public health, public interest / Home arrests / Prisoner, state of health / State, duty, protection of life and security / Responsibility, authority / Responsibility, constitutional.

BRA-2021-1-005 a) Brazil / b) Supreme Court / c) Full Court / d) 24.02.2021 / e) Confirmation of the Provisional Remedy in the Claim of Non-compliance with a Fundamental Precept 770 (ADPF 770 MC-Ref) / f) States, Federal District and municipalities may provide their respective populations with vaccines under certain circumstances /
If the National Plan to Distribute COVID-19 Vaccines or the immunisation coverage are insufficient or not provided on time, the States, the Federal District and the municipalities may provide their respective populations with vaccines which they dispose, if previously approved by the national health and sanitation agency; and vaccines which they dispose but have not been approved by the health... Read more
4.4.6.1.2 Institutions - Head of State - Status - Liability - Political responsibility.
4.8.1 Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Federal entities.
4.8.4.1 Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Basic principles - Autonomy.
5.1.5 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Emergency situations.
5.3.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to life.
5.3.12 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Security of the person.
5.3.25 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to administrative transparency.
5.4.19 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
COVID-19, pandemic, measures / COVID-19, special legal order / Decentralisation of powers, principles / Disease, infectious / Health, public health, public interest / Municipality, competence / State, duty, protection of life and security / Territory, self-government / Vaccination policies, competence distribution / Vaccination, compulsory / Vaccination, infectious disease, obligatory.

BRA-2021-1-006 a) Brazil / b) Supreme Court / c) Full Court / d) 26.02.2021 / e) Confirmation of the Second Provisional Remedy in the Claim of Non-compliance with a Fundamental Precept 754 (ADPF 754 MC-Ref) / f) The need to edit and publicise criteria of vaccination, by population classes, in the National Plan of Immunisation /
The need to edit and publicise criteria for vaccination, by population classes, in the National Plan of COVID-19 Immunisation, as well as a preferential order, within each class, is founded on the administrative principles of publicity and efficiency, the right to information, as well as on the obligation of the Union to plan and promote a permanent defence against public calamities, the State... Read more
3.4 General Principles - Separation of powers.
4.4.3.4 Institutions - Head of State - Powers - Promulgation of laws.
4.4.6.1.2 Institutions - Head of State - Status - Liability - Political responsibility.
5.3.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to life.
5.3.12 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Security of the person.
5.3.24 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to information.
5.3.25 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to administrative transparency.
5.4.19 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
COVID-19, pandemic, measures / COVID-19, special legal order / Disease, infectious / State, duty, protection of life and security / Information, accurate, requirement / Information, disclosure by the federal government / Information, principle of maximum disclosure / Provisional Measure / Health, protection, effective / Health, public health, public interest.

BRA-2021-1-007 a) Brazil / b) Supreme Court / c) Full Court / d) 27.02.2021 / e) Claim of Non-Compliance with a Fundamental Precept 336 (ADPF 336) / f) Prisoners are not guaranteed a minimum wage in the same amount as people who do not serve time /
The minimum level of remuneration for prisoners provided for in Article 29 of Law 7210/1984 (Law of Penal Execution) has a distinguished nature and does not represent a violation of the principles of human dignity and isonomy, since it does not fall under the guarantee of minimum wage set forth by Article 7. IV of the Constitution. A differentiation in treatment between prisoners and employees... Read more
5.1.1.4 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons.
5.2.1.2 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Employment.
5.3.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to dignity.
5.4.3 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to work.
5.4.17 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to just and decent working conditions.
Dignified minimum existence, guarantee / Wage, discrimination / Wage, minimum / Work remuneration / Prisoner, employment / Prisoner, minimum wage.

BRA-2021-1-008 a) Brazil / b) Supreme Court / c) Single-judge decision / d) 05.03.2021 / e) Confirmation of an Urgent Provisional Remedy on a Direct Action of Unconstitutionality 6625 (ADI 6625 MC-Ref) / f) The emergency measures against Covid-19 must continue in 2021 /
The principles of prevention and precaution advise that the exceptional health measures to reduce the spread of COVID-19 prescribed in the Law 13979/2020 remain in force, given the continuity of the emergency situation in public health. In emergency situations, it is reasonable to consider the real intent of the legislators when facing prescription dates of extraordinary healthcare measures, for... Read more
2.3 Sources - Techniques of review.
2.3.2 Sources - Techniques of review - Concept of constitutionality dependent on a specified interpretation.
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
3.20 General Principles - Reasonableness.
5.1.5 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Emergency situations.
5.4.9 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right of access to the public service.
5.4.19 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
COVID-19, pandemic, measures, extension / Health, emergency.

BRA-2021-1-009 a) Brazil / b) Supreme Court / c) Single-judge decision / d) 12.03.2021 / e) Direct Action of Unconstitutionality 6442 (ADI 6442) / f) The federative program for coping with coronavirus is constitutional /
A bill passed through a remote deliberation system does not represent a violation to the norms of legislative process and to the right of public participation. The Complementary Law 173/2020 which establishes the Federal Program for Coping with Coronavirus is compatible with the Constitution. A norm which grants fiscal benefits to a withdrawal of a lawsuit against the Union by a federate entity... Read more
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
3.20 General Principles - Reasonableness.
4.4.3.4 Institutions - Head of State - Powers - Promulgation of laws.
5.1.5 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Emergency situations.
5.3.29.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to participate in public affairs - Right to participate in political activity.
5.4.9 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right of access to the public service.
5.4.19 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
COVID-19, pandemic, measures / COVID-19, special legal order / Health, emergency / Legislative process, digital / Due process.

BRA-2021-1-010 a) Brazil / b) Supreme Court / c) Single-judge decision / d) 22.03.2021 / e) Confirmation of an Urgent Provisional Relief on a Claim of Non-compliance with a Fundamental Precept 756 (ADPF 756 TPI-Ref) / f) Required an order to compel the Central Government to provide the State of Amazonas with the necessary medical supplies to face the state of public calamity of COVID-19 /
Even though the activity of the Judiciary and the Legislative cannot substitute the Executive, exceptional situations can authorise judges to compel the administration to adopt measures in order to guarantee basic and essential rights to the population. The Judiciary cannot be omissive if the administration fails to comply with basic duties and jeopardises individual or collective constitutional... Read more
3.4 General Principles - Separation of powers.
4.4.6.1.2 Institutions - Head of State - Status - Liability - Political responsibility.
4.6.6 Institutions - Executive bodies - Relations with judicial bodies.
4.6.10.1.3 Institutions - Executive bodies - Liability - Legal liability - Criminal liability.
5.1.3 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Positive obligation of the state.
5.1.5 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Emergency situations.
5.3.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to life.
5.3.12 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Security of the person.
5.4.9 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right of access to the public service.
5.4.19 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
COVID-19, pandemic, measures / COVID-19, special legal order / Disease, infectious / Executive, power, competences, scope / Fundamental right, protection / Health, protection, effective / Health, public health / State, duty, protection of life and security.

BRA-2021-1-011 a) Brazil / b) Supreme Court / c) Single-judge decision / d) 07.04.2021 / e) Direct Action of Unconstitutionality 6432 (ADI 6432) / f) A state law that prohibits cutting off electricity during a pandemic is constitutional /
State norms that have been amended due a public health emergency, and which prohibit the suspension of electrical energy supply, changes to the manner of billing, as well as the charging of late payments and the issuing of fines and interests, are constitutional. The amendments to the State law intend to regulate relations between customers and an electrical company, and are therefore... Read more
1.3.5.8 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Rules issued by federal or regional entities.
3.25 General Principles - Market economy.
4.8.8 Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Distribution of powers.
5.1.1 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights.
5.1.5 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Emergency situations.
5.4.7 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Consumer protection.
5.4.8 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Freedom of contract.
5.4.9 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right of access to the public service.
5.4.19 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
Contract, applicable law / Contract, fulfilment / Contract, obligation to negotiate / Contract, obligation, inability to fulfil / COVID-19, pandemic, measures / COVID-19, special legal order / Electricity supply, access, payment / Health, emergency.

BRA-2021-1-012 a) Brazil / b) Supreme Court / c) Single-judge decision / d) 08.04.2021 / e) Claim of Non-Compliance with a Fundamental Precept 811 (ADPF 811) / f) Inherent risks of in-person worship during the pandemic /
The imposition of restrictions on the holding of services, masses and other face-to-face religious activities of a collective nature is compatible with the Constitution if they are measures to contain the advance of a public health emergency. The freedom to hold religious collective services is not absolute. The drafters of the Constitution established a principle of reservation of law when... Read more
3.7 General Principles - Relations between the State and bodies of a religious or ideological nature.
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
3.17 General Principles - Weighing of interests.
4.4.3.4 Institutions - Head of State - Powers - Promulgation of laws.
4.4.6.1.2 Institutions - Head of State - Status - Liability - Political responsibility.
5.1.4.2 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Limits and restrictions - General/special clause of limitation.
5.3.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to life.
5.3.12 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Security of the person.
5.4.19 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
COVID-19, pandemic, measures / COVID-19, special legal order / Disease, infectious / Executive, power, competences, scope / Health, protection, effective / Health, public health, public interest / State, duty, protection of life and security / Religion, event, authorisation / Religion, organisation, autonomy, limit / Responsibility, authority.

BRA-2021-1-013 a) Brazil / b) Supreme Court / c) Single-judge decision / d) 12.04.2021 / e) Direct Action of Unconstitutionality 5258 (ADI 5258) / f) The State cannot maintain Bibles in public schools and libraries /
The State law mandating the maintenance of copies of Bibles in State schools and public libraries collides with the principle of State secularity and religious freedom enshrined in the Constitution.
3.7 General Principles - Relations between the State and bodies of a religious or ideological nature.
5.3.20 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of worship.
5.4.2 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to education.
Education, freedom / Education, institution, autonomy / Education, neutrality / Secularism, education, public / Bibles, mandatory maintenance.

CANADA

CAN-2021-1-001 a) Canada / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 25.03.2021 / e) 38663, 38781, 39116 / f) References re Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act /
Sections 91 and 92 of the Constitution Act, 1867 (hereinafter, the "Constitution") divide legislative powers between the federal Parliament and the provincial legislatures. They give expression to the principle of federalism. The courts are charged with resolving jurisdictional disputes over the boundaries of federal and provincial powers on the basis of the principle of federalism. National... Read more
3.4 General Principles - Separation of powers.
4.8.8 Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Distribution of powers.
Greenhouse gas, pollution, pricing / Federal government, power, national concern, peace, order and good government / Environment, protection, federal jurisdiction, scope / Constitution, interpretation, jurisdiction of federal government.

CAN-2021-1-002 a) Canada / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 23.04.2021 / e) 38734 / f) R. v. Desautel /
Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982, recognises and affirms the "existing aboriginal and treaty rights of the aboriginal peoples of Canada". Aboriginal groups are entitled to the protection of Section 35 if such groups constitute the modern-day successors of Aboriginal societies that occupied Canadian territory at the time of European contact, and this may include Aboriginal groups that are... Read more
5.5.5 Fundamental Rights - Collective rights - Rights of aboriginal peoples, ancestral rights.
Indigenous people, rights, definition, scope / Hunting right, Indigenous people.

COUNCIL OF EUROPE

ECH-2021-1-001 a) Council of Europe / b) European Court of Human Rights / c) Section I / d) 10.12.2020 / e) 56751/16 and 33762/17 / f) Shiksaitov v. Slovakia /
Authorities’ lack of diligence in determining admissibility of extradition of applicant to his country of origin despite refugee status granted by another EU member State: violation.
3.22 General Principles - Prohibition of arbitrariness.
5.3.5.1.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty - Arrest.
Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 / Geneva Convention, 1951 / Arrest warrant, international, refugee / Refugee, extradition / Refugee, definition / Charges, fabricated / Crime, non-political.

ECH-2021-1-002 a) Council of Europe / b) European Court of Human Rights / c) Section 1 / d) 17.12.2020 / e) 73544/14 / f) Mile Novakovic v. Croatia /
Unjustified dismissal of Serbian ethnic origin teacher for failing to use standard Croatian in class, considered unable to adapt due to pre-retirement age: violation.
3.22 General Principles - Prohibition of arbitrariness.
5.3.32 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
Language, teaching / Language, official, teaching / Teacher, inspection / Teacher, additional training, offer / Teacher, dismissal.

ECH-2021-1-003 a) Council of Europe / b) European Court of Human Rights / c) Grand Chamber / d) 14.01.2021 / e) 20958/14, 38334/18 / f) Ukraine v. Russia (re: Crimea) /
Articles 1, 19, 33 and 35.1 ECHR Alleged lack of a "genuine application"; jurisdiction in the case of an "annexation"; the standard of proof applicable at the admissibility stage to the question of jurisdiction and to the existence of an administrative practice; duty to exhaust domestic remedies in the case of allegations of an administrative practice. Alleged existence of an administrative... Read more
3.1 General Principles - Sovereignty.
3.8 General Principles - Territorial principles.
4.11.1 Institutions - Armed forces, police forces and secret services - Armed forces.
4.16 Institutions - International relations.
Area, effective control / Administrative practice, repetition of acts / Administrative practice, official tolerance / Administrative practice, direct evidence / Evidence, prima facie / Extraterritorial jurisdiction / Head of State, statement, proof / Military presence / Military presence, increase / Minister of Defence, statement, proof / Territory, administrative practice / Territory, annexation / Territory, effective control / Territory, jurisdiction / Territory, tribunal established by law.

ECH-2021-1-004 a) Council of Europe / b) European Court of Human Rights / c) First Section / d) 14.01.2021 / e) 50231/13 / f) Sabalic v. Croatia /
Article 14 ECHR (+ Article 3 ECHR) Discrimination. Conviction for minor offence and EUR 40 fine for violent homophobic attack, without investigating hate motives, and subsequent discontinuation of criminal proceedings on ne bis in idem grounds. Sentence manifestly disproportionate to the gravity of ill-treatment. Unnecessary recourse to ineffective minor offence proceedings capable of... Read more
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
5.1.3 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Positive obligation of the state.
5.2.2.11 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Sexual orientation.
5.3.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Prohibition of torture and inhuman and degrading treatment.
5.3.14 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Ne bis in idem.
Fine, derisory / Hate crime / Hate motive, with homophobic overtones / Violence, homophobic overtones.

ECH-2021-1-005 a) Council of Europe / b) European Court of Human Rights / c) Third Section / d) 19.01.2021 / e) 14065/15 / f) Lacatus v. Switzerland /
Respect for private life: fine imposed on a poor and vulnerable Roma woman for unintrusive begging, and subsequent imprisonment for five days for non-payment: violation
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
5.3.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to dignity.
5.3.32 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
Begging, aggressive / Begging, blanket prohibition, criminal / Begging, means of survival / Begging, right to private life / Beggar, vulnerable / Poverty, visibility.

ECH-2021-1-006 a) Council of Europe / b) European Court of Human Rights / c) Grand Chamber / d) 21.01.2021 / e) 38263/08 / f) Georgia v. Russia (II) /
Article 1 ECHR: Jurisdiction of Russia over Abkhazia and South Ossetia;; Jurisdiction not established during the active phase of hostilities;; Jurisdiction established after their cessation;; "Effective control" Article 2, 3, 8 ECHR, Article 1 Protocol 1 ECHR; Administrative practice as regards the killing of civilians and the torching and looting of houses in Georgian villages in South Ossetia... Read more
5.3.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to life.
5.3.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Prohibition of torture and inhuman and degrading treatment.
5.3.5.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty.
5.3.32 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
5.3.39 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to property.
5.4.2 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to education.
Administrative practice, civilian, killing / Administrative practice, house, torching / Administrative practice, house, looting / Effective control / Detention, arbitrary / Prisoner of war, torture / Administrative practice, home, inability to return / Investigation, effective / European Court of Human Rights, obligation to furnish facilities.

ECH-2021-1-007 a) Council of Europe / b) European Court of Human Rights / c) Grand Chamber / d) 02.02.2021 / e) 22457/16 / f) X and others v. Bulgaria /
Article 3 ECHR (procedural); Effective investigation; Failure to use all reasonable investigative and international cooperation measures while examining sexual abuse in an orphanage alleged after children’s adoption abroad; Procedural obligation to be interpreted in the light international instruments, and specifically the Council of Europe "Lanzarote Convention"; Failure of Bulgarian authorities... Read more
5.1.3 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Positive obligation of the state.
5.3.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Prohibition of torture and inhuman and degrading treatment.
5.3.32 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
5.3.44 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights of the child.
Investigation, effective / Sexual abuse / Lanzarote Convention / Orphanage, child, interview / Interview, video-recording / Child, sexual abuse, investigation / Investigation, covert, proportionate use / Child, abuse by other child / Duty to protect, positive obligation.

ECH-2021-1-008 a) Council of Europe / b) European Court of Human Rights / c) First Section / d) 04.02.2021 / e) 54711/15 / f) Jurcic v. Croatia /
Discrimination Unjustified, direct sex discrimination by refusing employment-related benefit to pregnant woman who underwent in vitro fertilisation shortly before employment: violation
5.2.2.1 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Gender.
5.3.39 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to property.
In vitro fertilisation, employment, discrimination / Maternity, work presence / Gender stereotyping / Woman, pregnant, employment-related benefit, refusal / Employment, start after in vitro fertilisation / Employment, fictitious, allegation / State, financial interests.

ECH-2021-1-009 a) Council of Europe / b) European Court of Human Rights / c) Grand Chamber / d) 16.02.2021 / e) 4871/16 / f) Hanan v. Germany /
Effective investigation into deaths of civilians due to an airstrike in Afghanistan ordered by a German Colonel acting in a multinational military operation mandated by the United Nations Security Council: no violation Article 1 ECHR: Jurisdiction of States; Jurisdictional link engaging the obligation to investigate civilian deaths due to an airstrike occurring during active hostilities... Read more
5.3.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to life.
Army, airstrike, civilian death, investigation / Armed conflict, extraterritorial, jurisdictional link / Army, exclusive jurisdiction / International humanitarian law / Lethal force, use, legality / Investigation, effective, remedy.

ECH-2021-1-010 a) Council of Europe / b) European Court of Human Rights / c) Fourth Section / d) 16.02.2021 / e) 77587/12, 74603/12 / f) V.C.L. and A.N. v. United Kingdom /
Article 4 ECHR; Positive obligations; Domestic authorities’ failure to take operational measures in line with international standards to protect minors prosecuted despite credible suspicion they were trafficking victims; No initial, prompt assessment of trafficking status; Inadequate reasons provided for continuing prosecution, despite competent authority finding applicants were... Read more
5.1.1.4.1 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Minors.
5.1.3 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Positive obligation of the state.
5.3.5.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Prohibition of forced or compulsory labour.
5.3.13 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial.
5.3.13.18 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Reasoning.
Investigation, effective, positive obligation / Minor, trafficked, victim, prosecution / Guilty plea, not made in full awareness of facts / Child trafficking / Victim, self-identification.

ECH-2021-1-011 a) Council of Europe / b) European Court of Human Rights / c) Fourth Section / d) 16.02.2021 / e) 12567/13 / f) Budinova and Chaprazov v. Bulgaria and Behar and Gutman v. Bulgaria /
Failure of domestic courts to discharge positive obligation to afford redress to Jewish and Roma individuals for discriminatory public statements made by politician: violation
5.2.2.3 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Ethnic origin.
5.3.21 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
5.3.32 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
Statement, discriminatory, threshold of severity / Roma, discrimination / Racial hatred / Anti-Semitism / Xenophobia / Politician, hate speech, vehement.

ECH-2021-1-012 a) Council of Europe / b) European Court of Human Rights / c) Fifth Section / d) 18.02.2021 / e) 65583/13, 70106/13 / f) Azizov and Novruzlu v. Azerbaijan /
Restrictions for unauthorised purposes Pre-trial detention of opposition activists predominantly aiming to punish and silence them for active involvement in anti-government demonstrations: violation
3.20 General Principles - Reasonableness.
3.22 General Principles - Prohibition of arbitrariness.
5.3.5.1.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty - Detention pending trial.
5.3.13.18 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Reasoning.
Pre-trial detention, reasonableness / Retaliatory prosecution, anti-government demonstrations.

ECH-2021-1-013 a) Council of Europe / b) European Court of Human Rights / c) Fifth Section / d) 25.03.2021 / e) 40324/16, 12623/17 / f) Bivolaru and Moldovan v. France /
Degrading treatment, inhuman treatment: Surrender of an applicant to the Romanian authorities under a European arrest warrant where there was a real risk of inadequate conditions of detention: violation Surrender of an applicant, recognised as a refugee by the Swedish authorities, to the Romanian authorities under a European arrest warrant in the absence of a real risk of persecution or... Read more
5.3.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Prohibition of torture and inhuman and degrading treatment.
5.3.11 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right of asylum.
European arrest warrant, surrender / Persecution, real risk / Detention, conditions, inadequate / Equivalent protection, presumption / Refugee, status.

ECH-2021-1-014 a) Council of Europe / b) European Court of Human Rights / c) Fourth Section / d) 30.03.2021 / e) 37801/16 and 2 others / f) Ribcheva and Others v. Bulgaria /
Positive obligations Authorities’ precautions reasonable, despite some mistakes in planning and conduct of operation against a dangerous individual, who killed an officer while being arrested: no violation Article 2-1 ECHR: Effective investigation: Ineffective investigation into allegedly negligent planning and conduct of operation against a dangerous individual, who killed an officer while... Read more
5.1.3 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Positive obligation of the state.
5.3.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to life.
Investigation, effective / Police officer, death, contribution by officials.

CROATIA

CRO-2021-1-001 a) Croatia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 23.02.2021 / e) U-II-5709/2020 et al. / f) /
The freedom of religion as provided in Article 40 of the Constitution is not absolute. Gatherings of believers at religious ceremonies can be restricted if there is a strong public interest and if the restriction is proportionate. Measures that restrict religious gatherings do not unduly restrict the constitutional guarantee of freedom of religion and freedom of public demonstrations of religious... Read more
3.13 General Principles - Legality.
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
3.17 General Principles - Weighing of interests.
3.18 General Principles - General interest.
4.6.2 Institutions - Executive bodies - Powers.
5.1.4 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Limits and restrictions.
5.1.5 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Emergency situations.
5.3.20 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of worship.
5.4.19 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
COVID 19 / Disease, infectious, measures / Public health / Religion, ceremonies, limited number of attending persons / Religion, ceremonies, restriction due to infectious disease epidemic / State, duty, protection against an infectious disease.

CRO-2021-1-002 a) Croatia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 23.02.2021 / e) U-II-6087/2020 et al. / f) /
The principle of free enterprise and free markets as provided in Article 49 of the Constitution is not absolute. Measures suspending work must meet the requirements of proportionality as referred to in Article 49 of the Constitution in conjunction with Article 50.2 of the Constitution which includes exceptional restrictions to property rights for the purposes of protecting the interests and... Read more
3.13 General Principles - Legality.
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
3.17 General Principles - Weighing of interests.
3.18 General Principles - General interest.
4.6.2 Institutions - Executive bodies - Powers.
5.1.4 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Limits and restrictions.
5.1.5 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Emergency situations.
5.2.1.2 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Employment.
5.3.20 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of worship.
5.3.39 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to property.
5.4.6 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Commercial and industrial freedom.
5.4.19 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
COVID-19 / Disease, infectious, measures / Protection of human health and life / Public health / Catering facilities, suspension of work / State, duty, protection against an infectious disease.

CRO-2021-1-003 a) Croatia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 23.03.2021 / e) U-I-663/2020 / f) /
The Constitutional Court is competent to repeal legal provisions drafted by the legislator, if they fail to meet the requirements of the rule of law such as the clarity and precision of a legal norm. The Constitutional Court lacks jurisdiction to decide whether two pieces of legislation with the same legal force are in conformity with each other.
1.3.2.2 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Type of review - Abstract / concrete review.
1.3.4.11 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Litigation in respect of constitutional revision.
3.4 General Principles - Separation of powers.
3.9 General Principles - Rule of law.
Constitutional Court, jurisdiction, limit / Energy efficiency, building, contract, conclusion criteria, co-owners / Ownership, obligations, common good.

CRO-2021-1-004 a) Croatia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 23.03.2021 / e) U-I-1039/2021 et al. / f) /
The President of the Republic enjoys freedom of judgement and freedom to propose candidates in accordance with that judgement. He may not, however, propose for candidate for the President of the Supreme Court a person who failed to submit a valid, timely and complete application following a public call by the State Judicial Council. In terms of the principle of separation of powers referred to... Read more
3.4 General Principles - Separation of powers.
4.4.3 Institutions - Head of State - Powers.
4.4.3.1 Institutions - Head of State - Powers - Relations with legislative bodies.
4.4.3.3 Institutions - Head of State - Powers - Relations with judicial bodies.
4.5 Institutions - Legislative bodies.
4.7.4.1.1 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members - Qualifications.
4.7.4.1.2 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members - Appointment.
4.7.7 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Supreme court.
President of the State, powers, candidate for presidency of Supreme Court, nomination / Parliament, powers, President of the Supreme Court, appointment, substantive requirement / State Judicial Council, powers, appointment, President of the Supreme Court, administrative role / Supreme Court, President, appointment, procedure / Supreme Court, President, appointment, candidate, nomination.

CRO-2021-1-005 a) Croatia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 23.03.2021 / e) U-II-2492/2017 et al. / f) /
Secondary legislation adopted for the purpose of implementing or enforcing a law must be in conformity both with the law on the basis of which it was adopted and with the Constitution. When the constitutional compliance of such legislation is being reviewed, various factors must be considered. These include whether the legislation was adopted by an authorised body, whether the adopting body had... Read more
1.3.1 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Scope of review.
1.3.2.2 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Type of review - Abstract / concrete review.
1.3.5.10 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Rules issued by the executive.
3.13 General Principles - Legality.
3.21 General Principles - Equality.
5.5.1 Fundamental Rights - Collective rights - Right to the environment.
Abstract review, legislative model, repeal / Decree, formal constitutionality, legality / Decree, substantive constitutionality, legality / Government, decree, authority, exceeding / Local self-government, waste management / Utility services, waste management, incentive fees, calculation.

CZECH REPUBLIC

CZE-2021-1-001 a) Czech Republic / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenum / d) 02.02.2021 / e) Pl. ÚS 44/17 / f) Constitutionality of the Electoral Act (equality of votes and of the right to vote and equal opportunities for parties and coalitions standing in elections) /
A distinction must be drawn between the principles of proportional representation under Article 18.1 of the Constitution of the Czech Republic and the principles of majority rule under Article 18.2. When the constitutionality of the legal regulation of elections to the Chamber of Deputies is under review, it is not possible simply to settle for differences arising from the nature of the matter.... Read more
2.1.1.1.1 Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules - Constitution.
3.3.1 General Principles - Democracy - Representative democracy.
4.9.3.1 Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Electoral system - Method of voting.
4.9.10 Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Minimum participation rate required.
5.3.29.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to participate in public affairs - Right to participate in political activity.
Electoral threshold / Electoral coalition / Electoral code / D'Hondt method / Election, parliamentary, electoral association / Vote, relative weight.

CZE-2021-1-002 a) Czech Republic / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenum / d) 09.02.2021 / e) Pl. ÚS 106/20 / f) State of emergency declared in response to Covid-19 pandemic – restrictions on retail and services /
An emergency measure which consists in the prevention or mitigation of the spread of novel coronavirus disease (Covid-19) has a legitimate aim. However, the regulation of the rights and obligations of individuals and the decision-making on which group of population will retain their rights, and which will bear the burdens associated with the restriction, must not be a mere expression of political... Read more
1.4.3.3 Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Time-limits for instituting proceedings - Leave to appeal out of time.
2.1.1.1.1 Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules - Constitution.
3.9 General Principles - Rule of law.
3.22 General Principles - Prohibition of arbitrariness.
4.18 Institutions - State of emergency and emergency powers.
5.4.6 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Commercial and industrial freedom.
COVID 19 / Measure, arbitrary / Executive regulations, statutory authority / Regulation, emergency measure.

CZE-2021-1-003 a) Czech Republic / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenum / d) 23.02.2021 / e) I. US 1154/20 / f) Assessment of the State’s liability for the length of proceedings before the European Court of Human Rights /
The Czech Republic is not liable for the length of proceedings before the European Court of Human Rights, which is a body of an independent international organization. The state has no control over its activities. It is therefore not a violation of Article 36.3 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms (right to compensation for damage caused to an applicant as a result of an incorrect... Read more
2.1.1.1.1 Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules - Constitution.
3.20 General Principles - Reasonableness.
4.7.6 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Relations with bodies of international jurisdiction.
5.3.17 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to compensation for damage caused by the State.
Liability, state, pecuniary / Liability, state, principle / Damages, liability / European Court of Human Rights, decision, effects in national law / Court proceedings, length / Court proceeding, reopening / Length of proceedings, objective circumstances.

ESTONIA

EST-2021-1-001 a) Estonia / b) Supreme Court / c) Constitutional Review Chamber / d) 12.03.2021 / e) 5-20-11 / f) Review of constitutionality of lack of certain norms in probation procedure /
An individual’s right not to testify against themselves does not apply in probation proceedings that may result in their being recalled to prison. Such proceedings do not involve a decision regarding their conviction and punishment, which involves a deprivation of liberty. Similarly, the right to liberty and security of the person, with its attendant procedural guarantees does not apply in... Read more
1.3.5.15 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Failure to act or to pass legislation.
5.3.5.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty.
5.3.5.1.4 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty - Conditional release.
5.3.13.23.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right to remain silent - Right not to incriminate oneself.
Parole / Parole, conditional / Release, conditional.

EST-2021-1-002 a) Estonia / b) Supreme Court / c) Constitutional Review Chamber / d) 16.03.2021 / e) 5-20-7 / f) Review of constitutionality of the reform of survivor’s pension for judge’s family members /
The right for a judge’s family members to a survivor’s pension is a pecuniary position arising under the law. It is protected by the fundamental right to property. When changing the rules concerning this right, account must be taken of an individual’s legitimate expectation and to the relationship between that right and the guarantee of judicial independence. A judge’s family member’s survivor’s... Read more
3.10 General Principles - Certainty of the law.
5.3.39 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to property.
5.4.16 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to a pension.
Independence, judges / Expectation, legitimate / Pension, judge / Pension, expectation, legitimate / Pension, reform / Pension, survivor’s.

EST-2021-1-003 a) Estonia / b) Supreme Court / c) Constitutional Review Chamber / d) 12.04.2021 / e) 5-21-1 / f) Review of constitutionality of an obligation to dismiss from service a police officer who is suspected of a criminal offence /
It is not necessary in a democratic society for a police officer to be subject to mandatory dismissal where they are suspected of committing a criminal offence. It is possible to achieve the aims sought by such a dismissal by measures that interfere to a lesser extent with the officers’ fundamental right to freely choose their employment.
3.4 General Principles - Separation of powers.
4.11.2 Institutions - Armed forces, police forces and secret services - Police forces.
5.4.4 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Freedom to choose one's profession.
Police, law on police / Police, officer, dismissal.

EUROPEAN UNION

ECJ-2021-1-001 a) European Union / b) Court of Justice of the European Union / c) Grand Chamber / d) 26.01.2021 / e) C-16/19 / f) VL v. Szpital Kliniczny im. dra J. Babinskiego Samodzielny Publiczny Zaklad Opieki Zdrowotnej w Krakowie /
The principle of equal treatment enshrined in Directive 2000/78 is intended to protect a worker, who has a disability, against any discrimination on the basis of that disability, not only as compared with workers who do not have disabilities, but also as compared with other workers who have disabilities.
5.2.1.2 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Employment.
5.2.1.3 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Social security.
5.2.2.8 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Physical or mental disability.
Employment, disability, discrimination / Discrimination, salary / Discrimination, indirect / Discrimination, direct.

ECJ-2021-1-002 a) European Union / b) Court of Justice of the European Union / c) Grand Chamber / d) 02.03.2021 / e) C-746/18 / f) H.K. v. Prokuratuur (processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communications sector) /
The directive on privacy and electronic communications, read in the light of the Charter, precludes national legislation that permits public authorities to have access to traffic or location data, that are liable to provide information regarding the communications made by a user of a means of electronic communication or regarding the location of the terminal equipment which he or she uses and to... Read more
2.1.1.4.18 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union of 2000.
3.9 General Principles - Rule of law.
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
4.7.4.3.1 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Prosecutors / State counsel - Powers.
5.3.32.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life - Protection of personal data.
5.3.36.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Inviolability of communications - Telephonic communications.
Personal data, protection / Interception, invasion of privacy, damage, proportionality / Personal data, admissibility, criminal trial.

ECJ-2021-1-003 a) European Union / b) Court of Justice of the European Union / c) Grand Chamber / d) 02.03.2021 / e) C-824/18 / f) A.B. and others v. Krajowa Rada Sadownictwa (appointment of judges to the Supreme Court - appeal) /
Both the system of cooperation between the national courts and the Court of Justice of the EU established in Article 267 TFEU and the principle of sincere cooperation laid down in Article 4.3 TEU preclude legislative amendments where it is apparent that they have had the specific effects of preventing the Court from ruling on questions referred for a preliminary ruling and of precluding any... Read more
4.4.3 Institutions - Head of State - Powers.
4.7.4.1.2 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members - Appointment.
4.7.5 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Supreme Judicial Council or equivalent body.
4.7.7 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Supreme court.
5.3.13.14 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Independence.
Independence, judges / Judges, appointment, power of proposal / Judge, appointment, executive.

ECJ-2021-1-004 a) European Union / b) Court of Justice of the European Union / c) Grand Chamber / d) 09.03.2021 / e) C-392/19 / f) VG Bild-Kunst v. Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz /
The embedding by means of framing, in a website page of a third party, of works protected by copyright and made freely accessible to the public with the authorisation of the copyright holder on another website constitutes a communication to the public where that embedding circumvents protection measures against framing adopted or imposed by the copyright holder.
5.3.23 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights in respect of the audiovisual media and other means of mass communication.
5.3.39 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to property.
5.4.12 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to intellectual property.
Copyright, protection, circumvention / Intellectual property, right.

ECJ-2021-1-005 a) European Union / b) Court of Justice of the European Union / c) Grand Chamber / d) 20.04.2021 / e) C-896/19 / f) Repubblika v. Il-Prim Ministru /
EU law does not preclude national constitutional provisions such as the provisions of Maltese law on the appointment of members of the judiciary. It does not appear that those provisions might lead to those members of the judiciary not being seen to be independent or impartial, the consequence of which would be to undermine the trust which justice in a democratic society governed by the rule of... Read more
2.1.1.4.18 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union of 2000.
4.4.3 Institutions - Head of State - Powers.
4.7.4.1.2 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members - Appointment.
4.7.7 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Supreme court.
Independence, judges / Judges, appointment, power of proposal / Judge, appointment, executive.

ECJ-2021-1-006 a) European Union / b) Court of Justice of the European Union / c) Fifth Chamber / d) 29.04.2021 / e) C-665/20 / f) X (European Arrest Warrant - Ne bis in idem) /
The executing judicial authority must have a margin of discretion in order to determine whether it is appropriate to refuse to execute an European Arrest Warrant on the ground concerned. Next, the concept of ‘same acts’ must be interpreted uniformly. Lastly, the condition relating to the execution of the sentence is met in a situation such as that at issue in the case in the main proceedings.
3.10 General Principles - Certainty of the law.
5.3.13.1.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Criminal proceedings.
5.3.14 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Ne bis in idem.
Criminal proceedings, effects in another state / Criminal proceedings, principles / Criminal proceedings, guarantees / European Arrest Warrant, non-execution, limitations.

FRANCE

FRA-2021-1-001 a) France / b) Constitutional Council / c) / d) 15.01.2021 / e) 2020-872/859 QPC / f) Mr Krzystof B. (Use of videoconference without the agreement of the parties before the criminal courts within the context of a health emergency) /
Taking account of the importance of the safeguard associated with the appearance in person of the interested party before the criminal courts and given the conditions under which such telecommunications equipment is to be used, the impugned provisions impair the rights of the defence in a manner that cannot be justified by the health context resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic for the duration... Read more
5.1.1.4.3 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Detainees.
5.1.5 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Emergency situations.
5.3.5.1.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty - Detention pending trial.
5.3.13.1.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Criminal proceedings.
5.3.13.7 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right to participate in the administration of justice.
5.4.19 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
COVID-19, epidemic, pandemic / Appearance, videoconference / Criminal court, person involved in court proceedings, appearance in person.

FRA-2021-1-002 a) France / b) Constitutional Council / c) / d) 29.01.2021 / e) 2020-878/879 QPC / f) Mr Ion Andronie R. and another (Automatic extension of pre-trial custody within the context of a health emergency) /
The provisions of an order cannot automatically extend pre-trial custody during the initial period of a health emergency unless the need to continue it is reviewed by the courts within a short space of time, as a mandatory requirement.
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
5.1.1.4.3 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Detainees.
5.1.5 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Emergency situations.
5.3.5.1.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty - Detention pending trial.
5.3.13.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.
COVID-19 / COVID-19, epidemic, pandemic / Rights of prisoners / Continuation of custody / Judicial review.

FRA-2021-1-003 a) France / b) Constitutional Council / c) / d) 05.02.2021 / e) 2020-882 QPC / f) Société Bouygues télécom and another (Prior administrative authorisation for the operation of 5G network equipment) /
The legislative provisions that subject the operation of 5G network equipment to a requirement of prior authorisation are constitutional.
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
3.18 General Principles - General interest.
5.2.1.1 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Public burdens.
5.4.6 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Commercial and industrial freedom.
Defence interests, national security / Safeguarding against the risks of espionage, piracy and sabotage / Mobile communication networks, safety / 5G, rollout.

FRA-2021-1-004 a) France / b) Constitutional Council / c) / d) 04.03.2021 / e) 2020-886 QPC / f) Mr Oussama C. (Notification of the accused person concerning the right to remain silent before the custody judge in immediate summary proceedings) /
Certain provisions concerning the procedure for presentation before the custody judge in the event of immediate summary proceedings violate the Constitution due to the failure to notify the accused person concerning his or her right to silence.
5.1.1.4.3 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Detainees.
5.3.13.1.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Criminal proceedings.
5.3.13.22 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Presumption of innocence.
5.3.13.23 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right to remain silent.
5.3.13.23.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right to remain silent - Right not to incriminate oneself.
Immediate summary proceedings / Right to remain silent.

FRA-2021-1-005 a) France / b) Constitutional Council / c) / d) 19.03.2021 / e) 2021-891 QPC / f) Association Générations futures and others (Participation by the public in the drafting of charters of commitment at department level on the use of plant protection products) /
The arrangements put in place by the legislature for the drafting of charters of commitment at department level on the use of plant protection products violate Article 7 of the Environmental Charter.
5.3.29 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to participate in public affairs.
5.4.19 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
5.5.1 Fundamental Rights - Collective rights - Right to the environment.
Right of public participation / Plant protection products, use / Biodiversity.

FRA-2021-1-006 a) France / b) Constitutional Council / c) / d) 01.04.2021 / e) 2021-814 DC / f) Resolution amending the regulations of the National Assembly concerning the organisation of parliamentary business during periods of crisis /
Whilst parliamentary assemblies may amend their regulations in order to ensure continuity of their business during crisis situations, this is upon condition that these adaptations are sufficiently precise in order to enable the Constitutional Council to review their constitutionality.
3.12 General Principles - Clarity and precision of legal provisions.
4.5.4.1 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Organisation - Rules of procedure.
4.18 Institutions - State of emergency and emergency powers.
COVID-19, epidemic, pandemic / Exceptional circumstances / Exceptions, constitutional review / Parliamentary business, continuity.

FRA-2021-1-007 a) France / b) Constitutional Council / c) / d) 16.04.2021 / e) 2021-898 QPC / f) French section of the International Prison Observatory (Prisoner detention conditions II) /
It falls to the legislature to guarantee prisoners the ability to challenge before the courts any detention conditions that violate human dignity, so that these may be brought to an end.
5.1.1.4.3 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Detainees.
5.3.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to dignity.
5.3.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Prohibition of torture and inhuman and degrading treatment.
5.3.5.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty.
5.3.5.1.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty - Arrest.
5.3.13.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Effective remedy.
5.3.13.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.
Detention, conditions / Right to effective judicial remedy / Rights of prisoners, imprisonment, conditions.

GERMANY

GER-2021-1-001 a) Germany / b) Federal Constitutional Court / c) Second Panel / d) 01.12.2020 / e) 2 BvR 916/11, 2 BvR 636/12 / f) Electronic tagging /
1. As a measure in the context of the supervision of offenders’ conduct, the legal framework concerning electronic monitoring is a criminal law matter, which is under concurrent legislative powers of the Federation pursuant to Article 74.1 no. 1 of the Basic Law. 2. The first sentence no. 12 and the third sentence of § 68b.1 of the Criminal Code in conjunction with § 463a.4 of the Code of... Read more
5.3.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to dignity.
5.3.4 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to physical and psychological integrity.
5.3.32 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
5.3.32.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life - Protection of personal data.
5.3.38.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Non-retrospective effect of law - Criminal law.
Electronic tagging / Recidivism, prevention / Reintegration, status as a fundamental right.

GER-2021-1-002 a) Germany / b) Federal Constitutional Court / c) Second Panel / d) 15.12.2020 / e) 2 BvC 46/19 / f) Gender Parity on Candidate Lists (electoral complaint against lack of gender balance requirements) /
1. A specific duty to act that compels the legislator to take specific action can only be derived from the Constitution in rare exceptional cases. 2. When exercising the mandate of gender equality in the context of the nomination of electoral candidates, the legislator must take into account other constitutional interests of equal standing such as the principle of free and equal elections and... Read more
1.3.5.15 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Failure to act or to pass legislation.
3.3.1 General Principles - Democracy - Representative democracy.
3.19 General Principles - Margin of appreciation.
4.5.3.1 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Composition - Election of members.
4.9.5 Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Eligibility.
4.9.7.2 Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Preliminary procedures - Registration of parties and candidates.
5.2.1.4 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Elections.
5.2.2.1 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Gender.
5.2.3 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Affirmative action.
5.3.41.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Electoral rights - Right to vote.
5.3.41.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Electoral rights - Right to stand for election.
5.3.41.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Electoral rights - Freedom of voting.
Election, candidate, gender / Election, ballot, access / Election, candidacy, nomination, gender / Election, candidate list / Election, law, gender, balance / Equality, gender, representation, Parliament / Equality, gender, legislator, latitude / Gender, balance / Gender, parity / Political competition, opportunities, equal / Political will, formation / Women, representation, political.

GER-2021-1-003 a) Germany / b) Federal Constitutional Court / c) Second Chamber of the Second Panel / d) 03.02.2021 / e) 2 BvQ 97/20 / f) Termination of Intra-EU BITs (application for preliminary injunction) /
1. In principle, preliminary injunction proceedings under § 32 of the Federal Constitutional Court Act cannot be brought for the purpose of obtaining preventive legal protection, in terms of an a priori review, before a legal act takes effect. 2. Exceptions may apply in cases where the applicant challenges the act of approval to an international treaty (first sentence of Article 59.2 of... Read more
3.17 General Principles - Weighing of interests.
4.5.2.1 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Powers - Competences with respect to international agreements.
4.7.14 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Arbitration.
5.3.13.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Effective remedy.
5.3.13.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.
5.3.39 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to property.
Access to courts, arbitration, clause, jurisdiction / Arbitration, clause, investment, treaty / Arbitration, award, damages / Constitution, identity / Damages / European Union, Court of Justice, preliminary ruling, national court, subsequent decision / European Union, Member States, treaty, international / European Union act, ultra vires, review / Freedom of action, general / Health, insurance, liberalisation / Health, insurance, provider, private / Investment, international, dispute, settlement, procedure / Investment, international, profit, distribution / Investment, international, protection / Investment, treaty, bilateral / Parties, interest, financial / Preliminary injunction, application, admissibility, standing / Preliminary injunction, ratification, treaty / Sunset clause, treaty, bilateral / Treaty, international, act of approval, domestic / Treaty, international, entry into force / Treaty, international, ratification.

GER-2021-1-004 a) Germany / b) Federal Constitutional Court / c) First Panel / d) 24.03.2021 / e) 1 BvR 2656/18, BvR 78/20, 1 BvR 96/20, 1 BvR 288/20 / f) Climate Change /
1. The protection of life and physical integrity under the first sentence of Article 2.2 of the Basic Law encompasses protection against impairments of constitutionally guaranteed interests caused by environmental pollution, regardless of who or what circumstances are the source of the impairment. The state’s duty of protection arising from the first sentence of Article 2.2 of the Basic Law also... Read more
5.1.3 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Positive obligation of the state.
5.3.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to life.
5.3.4 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to physical and psychological integrity.
5.3.39 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to property.
5.5.1 Fundamental Rights - Collective rights - Right to the environment.
Climate Change / Ecological minimum standard of living / Freedom, intertemporal guarantees / Right to a future in accordance with human dignity / Reduction, greenhouse gas.

GER-2021-1-005 a) Germany / b) Federal Constitutional Court / c) Second Panel / d) 25.03.2021 / e) 2 BvF 1/20, 2 BvL 4/20, 2 BvL 5/20 / f) Berlin Rent Cap Act /
1. The allocation of legislative powers either to the Federation or to the Länder is conclusively set out in the Basic Law with the exception of Article 109.4 of the Basic Law. Shared or cumulative competences are a rare exception in the Basic Law and would be incompatible with the delimitation purpose. The Basic Law consistently delimits legislative powers between the Federation and the... Read more
3.6.3 General Principles - Structure of the State - Federal State.
4.5.2 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Powers.
4.8.8 Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Distribution of powers.
Legislative competence, limits / Real estate, lease, limitations / Rent, pricing, regulation / Rent, regulated.

GER-2021-1-006 a) Germany / b) Federal Constitutional Court / c) Second Chamber of the Second Panel / d) 07.04.2021 / e) 2 BvR 527/21 / f) Corona-related entry restrictions /
1. Whether the legal basis for a refusal of entry to holders of a Schengen visa satisfies constitutional requirements is for the administrative courts to clarify by way of an action for a declaratory judgment. 2. It is true that the mere possession of a uniform visa or a visa with limited territorial validity does not automatically entitle the holder to entry. However, since Article 14.2 of the... Read more
5.3.13.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.
5.3.33 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life.
COVID-19 pandemic, entry to the European Union, temporary restriction / COVID-19 pandemic, travel to the European Union, temporary restriction / Schengen Borders Code.

GER-2021-1-007 a) Germany / b) Federal Constitutional Court / c) Second Panel / d) 13.04.2021 / e) 2 BvE 1/21, 2 BvE 3/21 / f) Statutory Signature Quorums (ballot access for political parties) /
1. The aim of ensuring that elections are integration processes for the formation of the political will of the people and the resulting requirement of proving the seriousness of electoral nominations are normally capable of justifying signature quorums of up to 0.25% of persons eligible to vote. 2. Where applicants assert that the pandemic-related changes to the conditions for collecting... Read more
3.3.1 General Principles - Democracy - Representative democracy.
4.5.3.1 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Composition - Election of members.
4.5.10 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Political parties.
4.9.4 Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Constituencies.
4.9.5 Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Eligibility.
4.9.7.2 Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Preliminary procedures - Registration of parties and candidates.
5.2.1.4 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Elections.
5.3.41.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Electoral rights - Right to stand for election.
Election, ballot, access / Election, candidacy, nomination, gender / Election, candidate list / Election, law, gender, balance / Equality, gender, representation, Parliament / Equality, gender, legislator, latitude / Gender, balance / Gender, parity / Political competition, opportunities, equal / Political will, formation / Women, representation, political.

GER-2021-1-008 a) Germany / b) Federal Constitutional Court / c) Second Panel / d) 15.04.2021 / e) 2 BvR 547/21 / f) EU Recovery Package (preliminary injunction against ratification) /
1. The right to democratic self-determination protects citizens not only against a substantial erosion of the Bundestag’s latitude to shape policy but also affords them a right that EU institutions, bodies, offices and agencies only exercise the competences transferred to them in accordance with Article 23 of the Basic Law. 2. The budgetary powers of the Bundestag and its overall... Read more
3.3.1 General Principles - Democracy - Representative democracy.
3.17 General Principles - Weighing of interests.
3.19 General Principles - Margin of appreciation.
4.5.2.1 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Powers - Competences with respect to international agreements.
4.10.2 Institutions - Public finances - Budget.
4.17.2.1 Institutions - European Union - Distribution of powers between the EU and member states - Sincere co-operation between EU institutions and member States.
Capital markets, borrowing / Constitution, identity / Debt, public / Democracy, core, right, individual / European Union, budget / European Union, Council, decision, ratification, Member States / European Union, Member States, finances / European Union, own resources, borrowing / European Union act, preliminary injunction / European Union act, ultra vires, review / Foreign policy, government, margin of appreciation / Legislative bodies, powers, budgetary / Pandemic, COVID-19, social and economic effects, recovery instrument / Parliament, budget, powers / Parliament, budgetary autonomy / Preliminary injunction, act of approval, ratification, / Public finances, liabilities, risk assessment / Recovery instrument / Self-determination, democratic, right.

GER-2021-1-009 a) Germany / b) Federal Constitutional Court / c) First Panel / d) 05.05.2021 / e) 1 BvR 781, 805, 820, 1 854, 889/21 / f) Night Curfew /
1. Considering the legislator’s margin of appreciation, the challenged curfew provision (number two, first sentence of § 28b.1 of the Infection Protection Act) is neither unsuitable, unnecessary, nor inappropriate as a means for fighting the pandemic. The proportionality of the curfew provision will have to be examined in detail in the principal proceedings. 2. The disadvantages following from... Read more
1.5.4.7 Constitutional Justice - Decisions - Types - Interim measures.
3.17 General Principles - Weighing of interests.
COVID-19, pandemic, measures / COVID-19, pandemic, night curfew / Legal provisions, suspension.

GREECE

GRE-2021-1-001 a) Greece / b) Council of State / c) Plenary of the Third Senate / d) 24.09.2020 / e) 1869/2020 / f) /
The automatic loss of an attorney's capacity due to irrevocable criminal conviction may be contrary to Article 8 ECHR.
2.1.1.4.4 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - European Convention on Human Rights of 1950.
2.1.3.2.1 Sources - Categories - Case-law - International case-law - European Court of Human Rights.
3.12 General Principles - Clarity and precision of legal provisions.
3.18 General Principles - General interest.
5.1.4 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Limits and restrictions.
5.3.33 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life.
5.3.38 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Non-retrospective effect of law.
Occupation, profession, practice, prohibition / Competence, professional / Private life, right / Restriction, regulation, absence.

GRE-2021-1-002 a) Greece / b) Council of State / c) Plenary / d) 18.06.2021 / e) 902-907/2021 / f) /
The setting of a minimum height of 1,70m for both sexes as a necessary requirement to enter the Police Academy constitutes indirect discrimination on the basis of sex.
1.4.10.7 Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Interlocutory proceedings - Request for a preliminary ruling by the Court of Justice of the EU.
5.2.1.2.2 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Employment - In public law.
5.2.2.1 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Gender.
Candidates, equal opportunities, equality, gender, difference, biological / Equality, women, men / Discrimination, indirect.

GRE-2021-1-003 a) Greece / b) Council of State / c) Plenary / d) 29.06.2021 / e) 133/2021 / f) /
A decision to impose mandatory anti-covid vaccination of the officers in uniform in order to serve cannot be considered as contrary to the principles of proportionality and of equality where it provides the choice to be vaccinated or not, and since there is no identity of conditions between the two categories of vaccinated and unvaccinated staff.
1.3.5.14 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Government acts.
1.4.10 Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Interlocutory proceedings.
3.13 General Principles - Legality.
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
3.17 General Principles - Weighing of interests.
3.18 General Principles - General interest.
5.1.4 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Limits and restrictions.
5.1.5 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Emergency situations.
Covid-19, vaccination, infectious disease, obligation, policy / Health, public, protection.

ITALY

ITA-2021-1-001 a) Italy / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 26.11.2020 / e) 254/2020 / f) /
The implementation of an integrated system of protection has as its cornerstone loyal and constructive cooperation between the different jurisdictions involved, each called upon – within their respective spheres of competence – to safeguard fundamental rights, with a view to providing systemic and unfragmented protection. In this respect, it is no coincidence that Article 19.1 of the Treaty on... Read more
1.3.4.1 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Litigation in respect of fundamental rights and freedoms.
1.3.5.5 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Laws and other rules having the force of law.
1.4.10.7 Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Interlocutory proceedings - Request for a preliminary ruling by the Court of Justice of the EU.
1.5.4.3 Constitutional Justice - Decisions - Types - Finding of constitutionality or unconstitutionality.
2.1.1.1 Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules.
2.1.1.3 Sources - Categories - Written rules - Law of the European Union/EU Law.
2.1.1.4.6 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - European Social Charter of 1961.
2.1.1.4.18 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union of 2000.
2.2.1.6 Sources - Hierarchy - Hierarchy as between national and non-national sources - Law of the European Union/EU Law and domestic law.
3.21 General Principles - Equality.
3.22 General Principles - Prohibition of arbitrariness.
3.23 General Principles - Equity.
4.17.2.1 Institutions - European Union - Distribution of powers between the EU and member states - Sincere co-operation between EU institutions and member States.
5.4.3 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to work.
European Union / Co-operation between different Courts / Court of Justice of the European Union, national courts, indissoluble link.

ITA-2021-1-002 a) Italy / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 04.12.2020 / e) 262/2020 / f) /
The wide discretion enjoyed by the tax legislator in the choice of indicators of the ability to pay does not translate into an equally wide discretion in identifying the individual factors that contribute to establishing the tax base, once the prerequisite for taxation has been determined: the latter becomes, in fact, the limit and measure of the legislator’s subsequent choices. Once the... Read more
1.3.4.1 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Litigation in respect of fundamental rights and freedoms.
1.3.5.5 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Laws and other rules having the force of law.
1.5.4.3 Constitutional Justice - Decisions - Types - Finding of constitutionality or unconstitutionality.
1.6.5 Constitutional Justice - Effects - Temporal effect.
2.1.1.1 Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules.
2.1.1.1.1 Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules - Constitution.
3.20 General Principles - Reasonableness.
3.22 General Principles - Prohibition of arbitrariness.
5.3.42 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights in respect of taxation.
Tax, municipal / Tax deduction / Taxation, legislative discretion / Tax, municipal, non-deductible from amounts liable to tax on business income / Tax, limits placed by the Legislators on the deductibility of costs.

ITA-2021-1-003 a) Italy / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 09.03.2021 / e) 32/2021 / f) /
The development of the legal system, starting from the traditional notion of family, has progressively recognised the legal importance of social parenthood, even where it does not coincide with biological parenthood. The protection of the child’s best interests includes the guarantee of his or her right to affective, relational, and social identity, based on the stability of family and care... Read more
1.1.4.2 Constitutional Justice - Constitutional jurisdiction - Relations with other institutions - Legislative bodies.
1.3.4.1 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Litigation in respect of fundamental rights and freedoms.
1.3.5.5 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Laws and other rules having the force of law.
1.6.7 Constitutional Justice - Effects - Influence on State organs.
2.1.1.1 Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules.
2.1.1.1.1 Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules - Constitution.
2.1.2.2 Sources - Categories - Unwritten rules - General principles of law.
2.1.3.2.1 Sources - Categories - Case-law - International case-law - European Court of Human Rights.
2.1.3.2.2 Sources - Categories - Case-law - International case-law - Court of Justice of the European Union.
3.17 General Principles - Weighing of interests.
3.21 General Principles - Equality.
3.22 General Principles - Prohibition of arbitrariness.
5.1.1.4.1 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Minors.
5.2.2.11 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Sexual orientation.
5.2.2.12 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Civil status.
5.3.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to dignity.
5.3.33 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life.
5.3.33.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life - Descent.
5.3.44 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights of the child.
Same-sex couples / Adoption / Constitutional Justice, external limits / Requirement for the Action of the Legislator / Child, best interests.

KOREA, REPUBLIC

KOR-2021-1-001 a) Korea / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 26.03.2020 / e) 2016Hun-Ba55 and 27 other cases (consolidated) / f) State Compensation Claims Involving Emergency Measure nos. 1 and 9 /
Article 2.1 of the State Compensation Act, which requires intention or negligence of the acting public official in order to acknowledge State compensation, does not exceed the limits of legislative power and does not violate the right to claim State liability and compensation as provided under Article 29 of the Constitution. State compensation liability under the Constitution is partly premised... Read more
3.4 General Principles - Separation of powers.
3.19 General Principles - Margin of appreciation.
4.6.10.1 Institutions - Executive bodies - Liability - Legal liability.
4.6.10.2 Institutions - Executive bodies - Liability - Political responsibility.
4.18 Institutions - State of emergency and emergency powers.
5.1.5 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Emergency situations.
5.3.17 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to compensation for damage caused by the State.
Emergency measure / Intention, public official / Negligence, public official / Unlawful act, state.

KOR-2021-1-002 a) Korea / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 26.03.2020 / e) 2018Hun-Ma77, 283, 1024 (consolidated) / f) Public Announcement of List of Successful Candidates for National Bar Examination /
The right to self-determination with regards to personal information is protected by the general right to personality drawn from Article 10 of the Constitution, which specifies human dignity, worth and right to pursue happiness, as well as the right to privacy included in Article 17. The right to self-determination includes the right of the information holder to determine on his or her own as to... Read more
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
3.17 General Principles - Weighing of interests.
4.7.15.1 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Legal assistance and representation of parties - The Bar.
5.3.32.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life - Protection of personal data.
Personal information, right to self-determination / Bar examination / Legal service, access / Bar Examination, management, fairness, transparency.

KOR-2021-1-003 a) Korea / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 23.04.2020 / e) 2015Hun-Ma1149 / f) Firing a Straight Jet of Water Directly at Demonstrators Through Water Cannon /
Before public power is exercised, a restrictive means test and a public interest test must be conducted. Preventing an unlawful assembly from posing a threat to the lives or physical safety of members of the public or police officers or to property or a public facility is a legitimate interest, yet the means must be proportional and take individual conduct of the participants into account. The... Read more
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
4.11.2 Institutions - Armed forces, police forces and secret services - Police forces.
5.1.1 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights.
5.1.1.4 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons.
5.3.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to life.
5.3.28 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of assembly.
Application to join, constitutional complaint / Complainant, deceased, termination, adjudication proceedings, exception, judicial interest / Standing, inherent rights, non-transferrable, complainant, deceased / Water cannon, straight jet, police.

KOR-2021-1-004 a) Korea / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 27.05.2020 / e) 2017Hun-Ma867 / f) Requirement of Two Voting Assistants for an Elector with Physical Disability /
Article 157.6 of the Public Official Election Act, which requires that non-family assistance in voting be provided by two non-family voting assistants, serves a legitimate purpose and establishes a necessary exception to the principle of secret elections which does not amount to an excessive restriction. The principle of secret elections is a prerequisite for protecting the principle of free... Read more
4.9.9.3 Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Voting procedures - Voting.
5.2.1.4 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Elections.
5.2.2.8 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Physical or mental disability.
5.3.41.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Electoral rights - Right to vote.
5.3.41.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Electoral rights - Freedom of voting.
5.3.41.4 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Electoral rights - Secret ballot.
Election, fairness / Voting right, physical disability / Voting assistant, non-family, two.

KOR-2021-1-005 a) Korea / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 24.09.2020 / e) 2016Hun-Ma889 / f) Prohibiting a Person with Multiple Nationalities from Renouncing Korean Nationality after Assigning to the Preliminary Military Service /
The prohibition of persons with multiple nationalities to renounce their Korean nationality after the prescribed period and until the military service obligation is fulfilled, as provided in Articles 12.2 and 14.1 of the Nationality Act, is not absolute. Exceptions can be made if there are legitimate grounds for the failure to renounce the Korean citizenship during the proscribed timespan, and if... Read more
5.1.1.1.1 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Nationals - Nationals living abroad.
5.2.1.1 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Public burdens.
5.2.2.4 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Citizenship or nationality.
5.3.7 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to emigrate.
5.3.8 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to citizenship or nationality.
5.3.26 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - National service.
Nationality, dual / Nationality, multiple / Nationality by birth / Nationality, renunciation / Military service, obligation / Military service, evasion.

KOSOVO

KOS-2021-1-001 a) Kosovo / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 06.01.2021 / e) KO 95/20 / f) Assembly – Constitutional review of Decision no. 07/V-014 of the Assembly, of 3 June 2020, on the Election of the Government /
The election of the Government of the Republic of Kosovo required a majority of the members of the Assembly of the Republic of Kosovo to vote for it. Where an individual has lost their mandate as a deputy due to their being sentenced to imprisonment for more than a year or their mandate was invalid due to their standing for and being elected when they were barred from doing so due to their having... Read more
2.1.1.1 Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules.
2.1.1.2 Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules from other countries.
2.1.3.1 Sources - Categories - Case-law - Domestic case-law.
2.1.3.2.1 Sources - Categories - Case-law - International case-law - European Court of Human Rights.
2.2.2.1 Sources - Hierarchy - Hierarchy as between national sources - Hierarchy emerging from the Constitution.
4.5.7.2 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Relations with the executive bodies - Questions of confidence.
Offence, criminal, member, Assembly / Member, Assembly, mandate, loss / Deputies, majority, definition.

LIECHTENSTEIN

LIE-2021-1-001 a) Liechtenstein / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 08.02.2021 / e) StGH 2020/059 / f) /
Article 15 of the Act of 4 May 2017 on the Fees of Courts and Complaints Commissions contravenes the Constitution. The norm stipulates that courts may only waive court fees for those parties which, beyond being exempt from court fees by law, notify the court of their exemption on the first page of all relevant submissions.
1.4.14.1 Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Costs - Waiver of court fees.
3.22 General Principles - Prohibition of arbitrariness.
Excessive formalism.

LITHUANIA

LTU-2021-1-001 a) Lithuania / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 19.03.2021 / e) KT45-A-N3/2021 / f) On the reimbursement of lawyer’s fees for a person, who has not committed a violation of law /
An individual’s right to apply to a court in order to defend their rights or freedoms, implies a legitimate expectation that the court, after it carries out a fair and impartial procedure, will adopt a reasoned and well-founded decision. Such a decision should, amongst other things, set out how the litigation costs are to be distributed fairly between the parties. A fair distribution depends... Read more
3.9 General Principles - Rule of law.
5.3.13 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial.
Right, application, court / Offence, Administrative / Reimbursement, lawyer, fee / Assistance, legal, effective / Right, advocate / Costs, litigation, distribution.

LTU-2021-1-002 a) Lithuania / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 14.04.2021 / e) KT58-A-N4/2021 / f) On the prohibition imposed on a person convicted of any intentional crime from being a statutory state servant for an indefinite period of time /
According to the Constitution, the legislature must specify requirements concerning entry into the service of the state (state service). It must do so both to regulate such service and to further the constitutionally justified objective of ensuring that individuals appointed are of good character. Such requirements must, for instance, lay down requirements relating to the reputation of such... Read more
3.9 General Principles - Rule of law.
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
4.6.9.1 Institutions - Executive bodies - The civil service - Conditions of access.
5.4.3 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to work.
5.4.9 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right of access to the public service.
Employment, choice, free / State Service, entry, terms, / Terms, character, good / Terms, reputation / Terms, State loyalty.

LTU-2021-1-003 a) Lithuania / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 19.04.2021 / e) KT59-N5/2021 / f) On the elections and powers of municipal mayors /
The legislature must respect the principals of democratic elections set out in the Constitution when determining the electoral system for municipal councils. It must therefore respect equal suffrage, which includes establishing uniform requirements, arising from and not conflicting with the Constitution, for candidates for election to municipal councils. The Constitution does not establish that... Read more
4.8.3 Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Municipalities.
5.3.41 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Electoral rights.
5.3.41.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Electoral rights - Right to vote.
Mayor, municipal / Council, municipal / Council, municipal, chairperson / Requirement, citizenship / Requirement, suffrage, equal / Elections, direct / Community, territorial.

MEXICO

MEX-2021-1-001 a) Mexico / b) Electoral Court / c) High Chamber / d) 07.03.2018 / e) SUP-RAP-42-2018 / f) /
Slander consists of the promulgation of false facts, in the knowledge that they are untrue. If these elements of slander are found to be present, and this is done in a malicious fashion, and there could be an impact on the electoral process, then the right to freedom of expression can be restricted.
4.9.8 Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Electoral campaign and campaign material.
5.3.21 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
5.3.23 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights in respect of the audiovisual media and other means of mass communication.
Slander, election process, media / Media, freedom of expression, limits / Propaganda, electoral prohibition.

MEX-2021-1-002 a) Mexico / b) Electoral Court / c) High Chamber / d) 15.04.2018 / e) SUP-REP-74-2018 / f) /
The pro homine principle of interpretation must be identified and applied from the legal and factual context, whether it is the case that only one person is asserting a right, two people are claiming different rights, or two people are demanding the same right.
1.4.9.1 Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Parties - Locus standi.
2.3.11 Sources - Techniques of review - Pro homine/most favourable interpretation to the individual.
4.5.3.4 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Composition - Term of office of members.
4.8 Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government.
5.3.29 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to participate in public affairs.
5.3.29.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to participate in public affairs - Right to participate in political activity.
5.3.41 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Electoral rights.
Member, municipal council, removal from office, licence / Member, municipal council, reinstatement / Municipal Councillor, political right / Locus standi.

MOLDOVA, REPUBLIC OF

MDA-2021-1-001 a) Moldova / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 12.01.2021 / e) 2 / f) Constitutional review of certain provisions of Article 1 of Law no. 296 of 23 November 1994 for the interpretation of some provisions of Law no. 1225 of 8 December 1992 on the rehabilitation of victims of political repression (the rights of persons born in places of repression or on their way to them) /
The differentiated treatment between a person born from an unmarried woman and a person born from a marriage concluded before the repression, both in places of repression or on the way to them, established by the contested law, lacks a legitimate aim, has no objective and reasonable justification, and therefore is unconstitutional.
3.21 General Principles - Equality.
5.3.32 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
Rehabilitation, victim, political repression / Treatment, discriminatory / Equality, violation / Legitimate aim, violation / Privacy, right / Social assistance, right, protection.

MDA-2021-1-002 a) Moldova / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 14.01.2021 / e) 3 / f) On the exception of unconstitutionality of Articles 4.2, 7.2.c, 8.1 and 11.1.3 of Law no. 982 of 11 May 2000 on access to information (access to personal data) /
A different, but similar wording of the restrictions which may be imposed on the right to information circumscribing to the legitimate aims and which allows for a balancing exercise of the competing interests does not raise any issue of constitutionality.
3.12 General Principles - Clarity and precision of legal provisions.
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
3.17 General Principles - Weighing of interests.
3.18 General Principles - General interest.
5.3.24 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to information.
Information, access / Aim, legitimate / Interest, national / Protection, rights, freedoms, dignity / Disclosure of confidential information, prevention, criteria / Balancing of interests, proportionality, justified interference.

MDA-2021-1-003 a) Moldova / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 21.01.2020 / e) 4 / f) Some provisions of Article 6.5 of Law no. 86 of 11 June 2020 on non-profit organisations (ban on providing services by non-profit organisations to electoral contestants during the election campaign on the territory of the Republic of Moldova; applications no. 207a/2020 and no. 213a/2020) /
Granting Russian language a status similar to that of the State language, not only diminishes the integrative force of the official language, but it also confers Russian a preferential treatment compared to other ethnic minorities languages, contrary to Articles 13 and 10.2 of the Constitution.
4.3.1 Institutions - Languages - Official language(s).
4.3.4 Institutions - Languages - Minority language(s).
5.2.2.10 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Language.
Interethnic communication, language / Effective integration / Fair balance / Linguistic rights / Minority, ethnic, language.

MDA-2021-1-004 a) Moldova / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 23.02.2021 / e) 6 / f) Constitutional review of Decree of the President no. 32-IX of 11 February 2021 on the appointment of the candidate for the position of Prime Minister /
If a formalised absolute parliamentary majority supports a candidate for the position of Prime Minister, the President of the Republic must appoint that candidate.
1.1.4.1 Constitutional Justice - Constitutional jurisdiction - Relations with other institutions - Head of State.
1.1.4.2 Constitutional Justice - Constitutional jurisdiction - Relations with other institutions - Legislative bodies.
1.3.2.2 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Type of review - Abstract / concrete review.
1.3.5.6 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Decrees of the Head of State.
4.4.3.1 Institutions - Head of State - Powers - Relations with legislative bodies.
4.4.3.2 Institutions - Head of State - Powers - Relations with the executive bodies.
4.5.7 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Relations with the executive bodies.
4.6.4.1 Institutions - Executive bodies - Composition - Appointment of members.
Constitution / Decree / Prime minister, candidate, appointment / Parliamentary majority, absolute, formalised.

MDA-2021-1-005 a) Moldova / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 11.03.2021 / e) 8 / f) Constitutional review of Law no. 236 of 16 December 2020 on the amendment of certain laws and Law no. 240 of 16 December 2020 on the amendment of certain laws (pharmaceutical activity) /
The adoption of laws, including amendments, which involve an impact on budgetary revenues or expenditures, is unconstitutional if it is done without the Government’s prior approval.
1.3.2.2 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Type of review - Abstract / concrete review.
1.3.4.10 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Litigation in respect of the constitutionality of enactments.
1.3.5.5 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Laws and other rules having the force of law.
2.1.3.1 Sources - Categories - Case-law - Domestic case-law.
3.25 General Principles - Market economy.
4.10.2 Institutions - Public finances - Budget.
Approval / Budget / Revenues, budgetary / Expenditure, budgetary / Medicine, prescription, mobile unit.

MDA-2021-1-006 a) Moldova / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 22.03.2021 / e) 10 / f) Constitutional review of Decree of the President of the Republic of Moldova no. 47-IX of 16 March 2021 on the appointment of the candidate for the position of Prime Minister /
The President may appoint his or her own candidate for the position of Prime Minister if, following the consultations with the parliamentary factions, he or she notes that there is no candidate supported by a formalised absolute parliamentary majority.
1.1.4.1 Constitutional Justice - Constitutional jurisdiction - Relations with other institutions - Head of State.
1.1.4.2 Constitutional Justice - Constitutional jurisdiction - Relations with other institutions - Legislative bodies.
1.3.2.2 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Type of review - Abstract / concrete review.
1.3.5.6 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Decrees of the Head of State.
4.4.3.1 Institutions - Head of State - Powers - Relations with legislative bodies.
4.4.3.2 Institutions - Head of State - Powers - Relations with the executive bodies.
4.5.7 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Relations with the executive bodies.
4.6.4.1 Institutions - Executive bodies - Composition - Appointment of members.
Constitution / Decree / Prime minister, candidate, appointment / Parliamentary majority, absolute, formalised.

MDA-2021-1-007 a) Moldova / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 25.03.2021 / e) 11 / f) On the constitutional review of Articles 72 and 73 of the Enforcement Code adopted by Law no. 443 of 24 December 2004 (forced bringing of the debtor) /
Forcibly bringing the debtor before the bailiff to inform on the existing bailiff documents in his or her respect unnecessary restricts the debtor's right to liberty, does not achieve the legitimate purpose and is, therefore, unconstitutional.
3.13 General Principles - Legality.
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
3.20 General Principles - Reasonableness.
4.7.4.2 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Officers of the court.
5.3.5.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty.
5.3.5.1.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty - Non-penal measures.
Right to personal freedom / Debtor / Bailiff / Deprivation of liberty / Detention arbitrary / Enforcement proceedings.

MDA-2021-1-008 a) Moldova / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 06.04.2021 / e) 12 / f) Constitutional review of Articles 77, 81 and 315 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (the legislative omission to include the spouse as the successor of the injured party or the civil party in the criminal proceedings) /
The legislative omission to include the spouse as the successor of the injured party or the civil party and the possibility to accept only one person as a successor in a criminal process, ignoring other potential successors, is in breach of the right to free access to justice.
5.3.13.1.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Criminal proceedings.
5.3.13.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.
Omission, legislative / Criminal procedure, rights, successor / Victim, direct / Victim, indirect / Connection, sufficient / Legitimate interest / Human right, violation / European Court of Human Rights / Right to a fair trial / Free access to justice.

MDA-2021-1-009 a) Moldova / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 15.04.2021 / e) 1 / f) Ascertaining the circumstances justifying the dissolution of the Parliament /
The rejection by the Parliament of at least two requests for investiture of the Government together with the impossibility to form a Government within the three-month time-limit justify the dissolution of the Parliament.
1.1.4.1 Constitutional Justice - Constitutional jurisdiction - Relations with other institutions - Head of State.
1.1.4.2 Constitutional Justice - Constitutional jurisdiction - Relations with other institutions - Legislative bodies.
1.2.1.1 Constitutional Justice - Types of claim - Claim by a public body - Head of State.
1.3.3 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Advisory powers.
1.3.5.6 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Decrees of the Head of State.
4.4.3.1 Institutions - Head of State - Powers - Relations with legislative bodies.
4.4.3.2 Institutions - Head of State - Powers - Relations with the executive bodies.
4.5.3.4 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Composition - Term of office of members.
4.5.3.4.1 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Composition - Term of office of members - Characteristics.
4.5.7 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Relations with the executive bodies.
Parliament, dissolution, circumstances / Government, investiture / Parliamentary majority.

MDA-2021-1-010 a) Moldova / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 18.04.2021 / e) 9 / f) Constitutional review of Law no. 230 of 16 December 2020 for the abrogation of Law no. 235/2016 regarding the issuance of State bonds in order to execute by the Ministry of Finance the payment obligations derived from the State guarantees no. 807 of 17 November 2014 and no. 101 of 1 April 2015 /
Parliament’s failure to ask for the Government's approval when adopting draft laws with a budgetary impact, leads to a violation of the procedure established by the Constitution in the field of budgetary legislation and is, therefore, unconstitutional.
4.5.4.1 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Organisation - Rules of procedure.
4.10.2 Institutions - Public finances - Budget.
4.10.5 Institutions - Public finances - Central bank.
Budget, expenditure / Government bonds, abrogation / Decapitalisation / National Bank of Moldova.

NORWAY

NOR-2021-1-001 a) Norway / b) Supreme Court / c) Division / d) 01.03.2021 / e) HR-2021-417-P / f) Appeal against Borgating Court of Appeal’s Judgment 18 March 2020 /
The constitutional provision on constitutional review does not in principle prevent NGOs from bringing legal action against the State in order to assess whether a transfer of power to an international body was made with an adequate parliamentary majority in accordance with the Constitution.
2.1.1.1.1 Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules - Constitution.
4.16.1 Institutions - International relations - Transfer of powers to international institutions.
5.3.13.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.
Constitutional review, NGO, request, admissibility.

NOR-2021-1-002 a) Norway / b) Supreme Court / c) Division / d) 26.03.2021 / e) HR-2021-655-P / f) Supreme Court Opinion to Parliament /
Parliament has the power, with a general majority, to consent to the incorporation of the fourth railway package into the EEA Agreement on the establishment of a single European railway area.
2.1.1.1.1 Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules - Constitution.
2.1.2.1 Sources - Categories - Unwritten rules - Constitutional custom.
4.16.1 Institutions - International relations - Transfer of powers to international institutions.
International agreement, constitutional requirement, parliamentary approval.

PORTUGAL

POR-2021-1-001 a) Portugal / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 15.07.2020 / e) 528/17 / f) /
Questions had arisen over the interpretation of various regulations under European legislation which set out common detailed rules for the application of the system of securities for agricultural products and their compliance with the principle of equality.
2.1.1.1 Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules.
2.1.1.3 Sources - Categories - Written rules - Law of the European Union/EU Law.
2.1.1.4.18 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union of 2000.
2.1.3.2.2 Sources - Categories - Case-law - International case-law - Court of Justice of the European Union.
3.21 General Principles - Equality.
Agricultural products, securities, subsidies.

POR-2021-1-002 a) Portugal / b) Constitutional Court / c) Second Chamber / d) 27.01.2021 / e) 1458/17 / f) /
A norm criminalising procurement for prostitution is not unconstitutional.
3.13 General Principles - Legality.
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
5.3.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to dignity.
5.3.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Prohibition of torture and inhuman and degrading treatment.
5.3.13.1.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Criminal proceedings.
5.4.4 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Freedom to choose one's profession.
Prostitution, procurement.

ROMANIA

ROM-2021-1-001 a) Romania / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 17.02.2021 / e) 102/2021 / f) Decision on the exception of unconstitutionality of the provisions of Article 52.3 of the Criminal Procedure Code /
Non-compliance by criminal courts with the authority of res judicata of judgments given by civil courts violates the principle of legal certainty, a fundamental aspect of the rule of law.
3.10 General Principles - Certainty of the law.
4.7.1.1 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Jurisdiction - Exclusive jurisdiction.
4.7.2 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Procedure.
4.7.3 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Decisions.
5.3.13.1.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Criminal proceedings.
Res judicata, non-compliance, Criminal court.

ROM-2021-1-002 a) Romania / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 03.03.2021 / e) 136/2021 / f) Decision on the exception of unconstitutionality of the provisions of Article 539 of the Code of Criminal Procedure /
An acquittal verdict or a decision not to proceed with prosecution, issued in criminal proceedings on the merits of the criminal charge in favour of the accused person, does not deprive him or her of the status of aggrieved party, nor does it compensate for the harm caused by the deprivation of liberty ordered during criminal proceedings. Such a decision does not have the legal nature of... Read more
5.3.5.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty.
5.3.13.1.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Criminal proceedings.
5.3.13.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Effective remedy.
5.3.13.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.
5.3.13.22 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Presumption of innocence.
5.3.17 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to compensation for damage caused by the State.
Interference with liberty, compensation, right.

ROM-2021-1-003 a) Romania / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 07.04.2021 / e) 233/2021 / f) Decision on the exception of unconstitutionality of the provisions of Articles 400.1, 405.2, 405.3, 406.1 and 406.2 of the Criminal Procedure Code /
Reasoning in judicial decisions plays several significant roles. It represents a mechanism of court control, ensuring that judicial decisions are legal, just and fair, in fact and in law; it represents an official entry of the arguments in favour of the solution adopted; it inspires a sense of social trust and it represents democratic control of the administration of justice. It also strengthens... Read more
5.3.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to dignity.
5.3.5.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty.
5.3.13.1.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Criminal proceedings.
5.3.13.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Effective remedy.
5.3.13.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.
5.3.13.18 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Reasoning.
5.3.13.22 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Presumption of innocence.
5.3.13.24 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right to be informed about the reasons of detention.
Reasoning, timing, judicial deliberation, lack.

RUSSIA

RUS-2021-1-001 a) Russia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 12.03.2021 / e) 6 / f) /
The electoral commission has an obligation to inform candidates about any shortcomings in the documents they submitted.
4.9.7.2 Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Preliminary procedures - Registration of parties and candidates.
5.1.1.4.2 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Incapacitated.
Elections, parliamentary, candidate, registration / Information, obligation.

RUS-2021-1-002 a) Russia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 08.04.2021 / e) 11 / f) /
Article 116.1 of the Criminal Code, under which only individuals who commit battery while still subject to an administrative penalty for an earlier offence under the same article may be held criminally liable for domestic violence, is not consistent with the Constitution as it would lead to a diminution in the level of protection afforded to victims’ rights, infringing their dignity and their... Read more
5.1.1.4 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons.
5.3.15 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights of victims of crime.
Violence, domestic / Decriminalisation, administrative offence.

RUS-2021-1-003 a) Russia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 13.04.2021 / e) 13 / f) /
Where a victim fails to appear in court without a valid reason, the case must be discontinued for lack of corpus delicti.
5.1.1.4 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons.
5.3.13.22 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Presumption of innocence.
Bodily harm, intentional, offence / Complaint, prosecution, consent.

SERBIA

SRB-2021-1-001 a) Serbia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 29.12.2020 / e) Už-1823/2017 / f) /
Collective expulsion of a group of aliens from the State may only be carried out after, and on the basis of, a reasonable and objective examination of the specific circumstances of each individual alien in the group.
5.3.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Prohibition of torture and inhuman and degrading treatment.
5.3.4 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to physical and psychological integrity.
5.3.5.1.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty - Arrest.
5.3.11 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right of asylum.
5.3.13.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Effective remedy.
5.3.13.27 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right to counsel.
Aliens, expulsion, collective.

SLOVENIA

SLO-2021-1-001 a) Slovenia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 21.11.2019 / e) Up-229/17, U-I-37/17 / f) /
An applicant for international protection who relies on their state of origin’s inability to protect them from persecution must establish a basis to substantiate that claim. In particular, they must prove that they had turned to their state of origin’s authorities, but they either did not or could not protect them.
5.3.11 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right of asylum.
5.3.13.18 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Reasoning.
Asylum, application, rejection / Asylum, application, substantiation.

SLO-2021-1-002 a) Slovenia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 05.12.2019 / e) Up-366/16 / f) /
The media and journalists play an essential and irreplaceable role in informing the public of issues that are in the public interest. This role is closely intertwined with their duty and responsibility to act in good faith when providing the public with authentic and verified information and facts. Article 35.1 of the Constitution, which provides the right to protection for reputation, applies to... Read more
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
5.3.13.18 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Reasoning.
5.3.21 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
Freedom of expression, context, political / Journalist, politician, defamation / Journalist, rights, duties / Media, diligence, duty, professional / Political party, defamation / Political party, reputation, protection of.

SLO-2021-1-003 a) Slovenia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 27.08.2020 / e) U-I-83/20 / f) /
A legislative prohibition on movement the aim of which was to contain the spread of a contagious disease pursued a constitutionally admissible objective. That objective was the protection of human health and life. To secure those objectives was, moreover, a constitutional obligation laid upon state authorities.
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
5.1.5 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Emergency situations.
5.3.6 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of movement.
COVID-19 / SARS-COV-2 / COVID-19, epidemic, measures / COVID-19, pandemic, measures.

SLO-2021-1-004 a) Slovenia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 03.12.2020 / e) U-I-445/20 / f) /
Orders by which the Government extends the validity of a regulation that determined certain measures for fighting the COVID-19 epidemic are also regulations. They must therefore be published before they enter into force. Government orders that had not been published in the Official Gazette, could not therefore have entered into force, which in turn affected the validity of measures set out in a... Read more
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
5.1.5 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Emergency situations.
5.4.2 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to education.
COVID-19 / SARS-COV-2 / COVID-19, epidemic, measures / COVID-19, pandemic, measures.

SOUTH AFRICA

RSA-2021-1-001 a) South Africa / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 04.02.2021 / e) CCT 278/19 / f) AmaBhungane Centre for Investigative Journalism NPC and Another v. Minister of Justice and Correctional Services and Others; Minister of Police v. AmaBhungane Centre for Investigative Journalism NPC and Others /
The regulation of state surveillance of private communications of members of the public by the state under the Regulation of Interception of Communications and Provision of Communication related Information Act 70 of 2002 (hereinafter, "RICA") is unconstitutional in light of the constitutional right to privacy.
5.3.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to dignity.
5.3.13.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.
5.3.32.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life - Protection of personal data.
5.3.36.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Inviolability of communications - Correspondence.
Media, journalist, sources, protection / Communication, interception, bulk, surveillance / Intelligence sharing, supervision / Secret surveillance, measure.

RSA-2021-1-002 a) South Africa / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 19.02.2021 / e) CCT 315/18 / f) James King N.O. and Others v. Cornelius Albertus de Jager and Others /
A fideicommissary clause in a private testamentary instrument which prevents female descendants from inheriting, on account of their sex, violates the right to equality and is prohibited by the Constitution and the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 4 of 2000 (Equality Act). While freedom of testation is recognised, clauses in private testamentary instruments which... Read more
5.1.2 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Horizontal effects.
5.2.2.1 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Gender.
5.3.33.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life - Succession.
Asset, private property / Discrimination, sex / Equality, sexes / Inheritance, will / Succession, will, freedom to make / Succession, law / Will, discriminatory.

RSA-2021-1-003 a) South Africa / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 14.04.2021 / e) CCT 23/20 / f) Agnes Sithole v. Gideon Sithole /
Section 21.2.a of the Matrimonial Property Act 88 of 1984 discriminates unfairly against Black women to the extent that it denies Black couples who married before 1988 the safeguards of marriages in community of property. Section 21.2.a of the Matrimonial Property Act is unconstitutional and invalid to the extent that it perpetuates discrimination on the basis of gender and race, and all... Read more
5.2.1.3 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Social security.
5.2.2.1 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Gender.
5.2.2.2 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Race.
5.2.2.3 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Ethnic origin.
5.2.2.5 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Social origin.
5.2.2.7 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Age.
5.3.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to dignity.
5.3.39.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to property - Other limitations.
5.4.13 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to housing.
5.4.14 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to social security.
5.4.19 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
Discrimination, intersectional effects / Food, constitutional right of access / Healthcare, constitutional right of access / Water, constitutional right of access.

RSA-2021-1-004 a) South Africa / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 16.04.2021 / e) CCT 130/19 / f) Wilkinson and Another v. Crawford N.O. and Others /
A Trust Deed executed at a time when legislation excluded adopted children from inheritance in terms of a testamentary instrument, unless it conveyed a clear intention to include them, amounts to unfair discrimination and is against public policy.
5.2.2 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction.
Trust, interpretation / Freedom of testation, testator, intention, paramount / Discrimination, elements, unfair, public policy.

SPAIN

ESP-2021-1-001 a) Spain / b) Constitutional Court / c) First Chamber / d) 04.06.2018 / e) STC 58/2018 / f) /
A question had arisen over the online archives of a digital newspaper and the indexing of names and surnames. Such indexing, in news that is several decades old and the relevance of which has decreased by the passing of time, infringes the rights to honour, privacy and personal data protection. Imposing a prohibition on indexing names and surnames does restrict the freedom of information but it... Read more
5.3.22 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of the written press.
5.3.23 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights in respect of the audiovisual media and other means of mass communication.
5.3.24 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to information.
5.3.31 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to respect for one's honour and reputation.
Indexing, names, digital newspaper archives / Right to be forgotten.

ESP-2021-1-002 a) Spain / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 14.11.2018 / e) STC 124/2018 / f) /
The Government is always subject to the supervisory powers of the Congress of Deputies. This power can still be exercised over an interim Government following elections.
1.2.1.2 Constitutional Justice - Types of claim - Claim by a public body - Legislative bodies.
3.3.1 General Principles - Democracy - Representative democracy.
3.4 General Principles - Separation of powers.
4.5.4.4 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Organisation - Committees.
4.6.10 Institutions - Executive bodies - Liability.
Executive power, accountability / Outgoing government, supervision / Parliament, Senate, regulation.

ESP-2021-1-003 a) Spain / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 13.12.2018 / e) STC 135/2018 / f) /
A legal provision which requires judges on leave who are aiming to resume active duty to obtain a declaration of suitability, which does not specify the criteria for granting it or the consequence of its being refused, is in breach of the constitutional principle of legal certainty, in conjunction with the constitutional requirement to regulate the irremovability of judges.
3.4 General Principles - Separation of powers.
3.10 General Principles - Certainty of the law.
3.12 General Principles - Clarity and precision of legal provisions.
4.7.4.1.5 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members - End of office.
4.7.4.1.6.3 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members - Status - Irremovability.
Judge, aptitude / Judge, evaluation / Judge, reappointment.

ESP-2021-1-004 a) Spain / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 02.07.2019 / e) 89/2019 / f) /
Questions arose over state coercion over the autonomous communities for breach of constitutional obligations and the scope of state power when this procedure is deployed. A disposition providing for the non-existence of legal effects of any unauthorised or prohibited official publication of resolutions, acts or provisions in the Official Gazettes infringes the principles of the publication of... Read more
1.3.4.7.3 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Restrictive proceedings - Removal from parliamentary office.
2.2.2.1 Sources - Hierarchy - Hierarchy as between national sources - Hierarchy emerging from the Constitution.
3.8.1 General Principles - Territorial principles - Indivisibility of the territory.
3.10 General Principles - Certainty of the law.
3.15 General Principles - Publication of laws.
3.18 General Principles - General interest.
4.8.4.1 Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Basic principles - Autonomy.
4.8.8.3 Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Distribution of powers - Supervision.
4.11.2 Institutions - Armed forces, police forces and secret services - Police forces.
Independence, territory / Nation, integrity / Failure to fulfil obligations, action, justification Autonomy, secession, unilateral / Authorisation, legislative, duration / Authority, administrative, independent, power, scope / Autonomy, restriction / Coercive measures / Competent body, formalities, observance.

ESP-2021-1-005 a) Spain / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 02.07.2019 / e) 90/2019 / f) /
Regarding state coercion over the autonomous communities for breach of constitutional obligations, and in application of the doctrine set out in Constitutional Court Judgment no. 89/2019, of 2 July, the Court declared the supervening loss of the subject of the process and dismissed the remaining part of the action of unconstitutionality.
1.3.4.7.3 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Restrictive proceedings - Removal from parliamentary office.
2.1.1.1.1 Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules - Constitution.
2.2.2.1 Sources - Hierarchy - Hierarchy as between national sources - Hierarchy emerging from the Constitution.
3.10 General Principles - Certainty of the law.
3.15 General Principles - Publication of laws.
3.18 General Principles - General interest.
4.8.4.1 Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Basic principles - Autonomy.
4.8.8.3 Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Distribution of powers - Supervision.
Independence, territory / Nation, integrity / Action on grounds of failure to fulfil obligations, justifications / Autonomy, secession, unilateral / Authorisation, legislative, duration / Authority, administrative, independent, power, scope / Autonomy, restricted / Coercive measures / Competent body, formalities, observance.

ESP-2021-1-006 a) Spain / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 18.07.2019 / e) 99/2019 / f) /
A legal provision that prevents minors from changing their gender and name in the Civil Register, especially when it applies to a minor with "sufficient maturity" and "a stable situation of transgender," is unconstitutional.
2.1.1.1.1 Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules - Constitution.
2.1.1.4.4 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - European Convention on Human Rights of 1950.
2.1.3.2.1 Sources - Categories - Case-law - International case-law - European Court of Human Rights.
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
5.1.1.4.1 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Minors.
5.2.2.7 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Age.
5.3.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to dignity.
5.3.4 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to physical and psychological integrity.
5.3.32 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
5.3.44 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights of the child.
5.4.19 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
Transgender persons, binary system / Civil register, amendment, name, sex.

ESP-2021-1-007 a) Spain / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 25.02.2020 / e) STC 35/2020 / f) /
A person who has posted several online messages that are characterised by potentially offensive and politically controversial statements cannot be sentenced on charges of "humiliating the victims of terrorism" unless the competent court has weighed up the possibility that the issuing of such messages could be a type of expression covered by freedom of speech.
2.3.2 Sources - Techniques of review - Concept of constitutionality dependent on a specified interpretation.
2.3.10 Sources - Techniques of review - Contextual interpretation.
2.3.11 Sources - Techniques of review - Pro homine/most favourable interpretation to the individual.
5.3.19 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of opinion.
5.3.21 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
Social media, statements, offensive / Terrorism, incitement / Terrorism, intent / Terrorism, offence, legal definition / Terrorism, public support.

SWITZERLAND

SUI-2021-1-001 a) Suisse / b) Federal Court / c) Second Public Law Chamber / d) 28.02.2020 / e) 2C_668/2018 / f) A. v. Vaud Canton Population Department /
Article 8 ECHR, Article 13 of the Federal Constitution (right to privacy), Articles 44 and 47 of the Federal Law on Foreign Nationals; subsequent family reunion; spouse with permanent residence in Switzerland. Serious deterioration in the state of health of the spouse constitutes a significant change in circumstances which justifies examining the new application for family reunion in question... Read more
5.1.1.3 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Foreigners.
5.3.9 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right of residence.
5.3.32 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
5.3.33 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life.
Family reunion, right.

SWEDEN

SWE-2021-1-001 a) Sweden / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 31.03.2021 / e) B 6101-19 / f) The rap song /
As regards the manner in which freedom of expression aspects are to be considered in the assessment of a prosecution for threatening a public official, statements of principle as to how such cases are to be viewed include the following. A great deal of latitude must be allowed in the interest of the freedom of expression. There is no bar to criminal liability where what is expressed or conveyed... Read more
3.12 General Principles - Clarity and precision of legal provisions.
5.3.21 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
Freedom of expression, context, cultural / Crime, threat against a public official / Crime, threat of violence.

SWE-2021-1-002 a) Sweden / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 21.04.2021 / e) B 4175-20 / f) The body camera recording /
Evidence in form of incriminating information, which a suspect has provided to the police in a situation where the right to be assisted by defence counsel has been violated, shall as a rule be assessed within the framework of the court's free evaluation of evidence. Normally, there are no grounds for rejecting such evidence on the ground that it would obviously be without effect.
3.12 General Principles - Clarity and precision of legal provisions.
5.3.13.17 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Rules of evidence.
5.3.13.27 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right to counsel.
Evidence / Evidence, dismissal / Evidence, value / Evidence, obtained in breach of human rights / Evidence, free evaluation, principle / Defence counsel, proceedings, criminal / Fair trial.

SWE-2021-1-003 a) Sweden / b) Supreme Administrative Court / c) / d) 09.02.2021 / e) 1674-20 / f) /
An express legislative provision to the effect that there is no right of appeal from a decision by the Swedish Public Employment Service to claim repayment of financial support is constitutionally compliant. There is no reason to allow such decisions to be appealed to an administrative court, as there are several ways in which such decisions may be subject to judicial review.
1.3.5.13 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Administrative acts.
5.3.13.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.
Employment service, financial support, repayment.

SWE-2021-1-004 a) Sweden / b) Supreme Administrative Court / c) / d) 02.03.2021 / e) 5507-20 / f) /
The Government’s decision regarding an application for citizenship did not concern the applicant’s civil rights or obligations within the meaning of Article 6.1 ECHR.
5.3.8 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to citizenship or nationality.
5.3.13.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.
Citizenship, application, rejection.

UKRAINE

UKR-2021-1-001 a) Ukraine / b) Constitutional Court / c) Second Senate / d) 07.04.2021 / e) 1-r(II)/2021 / f) Constitutional compliance of paragraph 4.13 of Section I of Law on Amendments and Repeal of Certain Legislative Acts of 28 December 2014 no. 76–VIII /
Questions had arisen over the constitutionality of certain provisions introduced to amend the legislation on the status and social protection of citizens affected by the Chernobyl disaster and which dealt with the minimum amounts of disability pension in the case of injury and pension in the case of the loss of the breadwinner. Summary I. The applicants in this matter, a group comprising... Read more
3.10 General Principles - Certainty of the law.
4.5.2 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Powers.
4.6.3.2 Institutions - Executive bodies - Application of laws - Delegated rule-making powers.
5.1.1.4 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons.
5.4.14 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to social security.
5.4.16 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to a pension.
Chernobyl victims, legislation, social guarantees / Pension, provision, amount, changes.

UKR-2021-1-002 a) Ukraine / b) Constitutional Court / c) Second Senate / d) 28.04.2021 / e) 2-r(II)/2021 / f) Conformity of Articles 13.3 and16.3 of the Civil Code with the Constitution /
Questions had arisen over the constitutionality of certain provisions of the Civil Code which prohibit actions by a person committed with the intent to harm another person, as well as abuse of rights in other forms, and which stipulate that a court may decline to protect the civil rights and interests of the perpetrator of such actions.
3.10 General Principles - Certainty of the law.
5.1.1.5.1 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Legal persons - Private law.
5.3.13.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.
Rights, procedural, abuse / Judicial, protection, refusal.

UNITED KINGDOM

GBR-2021-1-001 a) United Kingdom / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 09.07.2021 / e) / f) R (on the application of AB) v. Secretary of State for Justice /
The solitary confinement of a child in custody does not automatically violate Article 3 ECHR, which prohibits inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. There will be a violation of Article 3 ECHR only if, in all the circumstances of a particular case, the ill-treatment reaches the requisite minimum level of severity.
2.1.1.1.2 Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules - Quasi-constitutional enactments.
2.1.1.4.4 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - European Convention on Human Rights of 1950.
2.1.3.1 Sources - Categories - Case-law - Domestic case-law.
2.1.3.2.1 Sources - Categories - Case-law - International case-law - European Court of Human Rights.
2.2.1.5 Sources - Hierarchy - Hierarchy as between national and non-national sources - European Convention on Human Rights and non-constitutional domestic legal instruments.
5.3.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Prohibition of torture and inhuman and degrading treatment.
Detention, children / Solitary confinement.

GBR-2021-1-002 a) United Kingdom / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 09.07.2021 / e) / f) R (on the application of SC, CB and 8 children) v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions /
Legislation which limits payment of a subsistence benefit to the amount payable in respect of two children is compatible with Articles 8 ECHR (right to respect for private and family life), 12 ECHR (right to marry), and 14 ECHR (prohibition of discrimination) read with Article 8 ECHR and with Article 1 Protocol 1 ECHR (protection of property). A low intensity of review is appropriate in this... Read more
2.1.1.4.4 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - European Convention on Human Rights of 1950.
2.1.3.1 Sources - Categories - Case-law - Domestic case-law.
2.2.1.5 Sources - Hierarchy - Hierarchy as between national and non-national sources - European Convention on Human Rights and non-constitutional domestic legal instruments.
3.4 General Principles - Separation of powers.
5.2.2.1 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Gender.
Tax credit, children, limit / Discrimination on ground of sex, presumption.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

USA-2021-1-001 a) United States of America / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 17.04.2018 / e) 15-1498 / f) Sessions v. Dimaya /
The right to due process prohibits excessively vague or arbitrary criminal laws, especially when the punishment is severe. The term "ordinary case" without further elucidation is unconstitutionally vague because it risks unpredictable interpretation.
3.10 General Principles - Certainty of the law.
3.22 General Principles - Prohibition of arbitrariness.
5.3.9 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right of residence.
Statutory vagueness / Felony, aggravated, deportation.

USA-2021-1-002 a) United States of America / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 17.04.2018 / e) 16-1435 / f) Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky /
A state law broadly banning "political apparel" in a polling place violates the right to free speech. Speech may be regulated in a non-public forum provided that the restriction is content-neutral and reasonable for advancing the purpose of the forum. A speech restriction is "reasonable" if it operates on "objective, workable standards."
3.13 General Principles - Legality.
3.20 General Principles - Reasonableness.
5.3.21 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
5.3.41.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Electoral rights - Freedom of voting.
Speech, political / Expression, political / Political apparel, prohibition / Polling station, political apparel, prohibition.

USA-2021-1-003 a) United States of America / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 14.05.2018 / e) 16-8255 / f) McCoy v. Louisiana /
Defendants have a constitutional right to choose the objective of their defense and to insist that his counsel refrain from admitting guilt. Even when counsel believes admitting guilt is in the best interest of the defendant, counsel may not concede guilt if the defendant insists otherwise.
5.3.13.1.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Criminal proceedings.
5.3.13.27 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right to counsel.
Counsel, effective, assistance / Counsel, rejection, right / Guilt, admission, rejection, right.

USA-2021-1-004 a) United States of America / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 04.06.2018 / e) 16-111 / f) Masterpiece Cakeshop, Ltd. v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission /
Religious and philosophical objections to gay marriage are protected views and, in some instances, also protected forms of expression. The Colorado Civil Rights Commission violated the State’s duty to avoid hostility toward religion or a religious viewpoint in the State’s regulatory regime.
3.17 General Principles - Weighing of interests.
5.2.2.6 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Religion.
5.3.13.15 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Impartiality.
5.3.18 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of conscience.
5.3.21 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
5.4.22 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Artistic freedom.
Marriage, same-sex / Religion, neutrality of the state / Cake, expressive statement.

USA-2021-1-005 a) United States of America / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 22.06.2018 / e) 16-402 / f) Carpenter v. United States /
Cell-phone location data cannot be seized without a warrant supported by probable cause. Cellular data which tracks a person’s movements and location is within the scope of an individual’s right to privacy under the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Cell-site location data collected by wireless carriers does not fall within the scope of the "third-party doctrine," which holds... Read more
3.20 General Principles - Reasonableness.
5.3.5 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty.
5.3.13.17 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Rules of evidence.
5.3.32.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life - Protection of personal data.
5.3.36.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Inviolability of communications - Telephonic communications.
Information, digital / Search, law enforcement / Data, cellular phone / Warrant, judicial / Evidence, admissibility / Cell-phone, location data, sharing.

USA-2021-1-006 a) United States of America / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 26.06.2018 / e) 17-965 / f) Trump v. Hawaii /
The President of the United States is granted broad discretion in immigration matters. As such, he may suspend the entry of aliens into the United States for security reasons. Foreign nationals seeking admission to the United States have no constitutional right to entry. The admission and exclusion of foreign nationals is a fundamental sovereign attribute exercised by the Government’s political... Read more
1.3.5.10 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Rules issued by the executive.
5.1.1.3 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Foreigners.
5.2.2.4 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Citizenship or nationality.
5.3.6 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of movement.
Immigration, regulation, discretion / Entry, prohibition, discretion / National security, protection / Executive order, discretion / Foreigner, entry, admission, discretion.

USA-2021-1-007 a) United States of America / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 26.06.2018 / e) 16-1140 / f) National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra /
Requiring healthcare providers to disclose alternative healthcare information—including the availability of abortion and contraceptives—violates the right to free speech. "Professional speech" is not a separate category of speech; as such, it is protected on the same grounds as personal speech. Medical and commercial disclosures are only required insofar as they remedy a potentially real not a... Read more
5.3.18 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of conscience.
5.3.21 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
Abortion, access / Maternity, protection / Health protection, system / Speech, professional / Speech, content based / Healthcare providers, information, obligation.

USA-2021-1-008 a) United States of America / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 27.06.2018 / e) 16-1466 / f) Janus v. American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees, Council 31 /
Public-sector unions may not extract union fees from non-consenting employees, even if those employees benefit from the union’s work. Abood v. Detroit Board of Education (1977) erred in its decision and is thereby overruled. States can still implement laws to avoid union free-riders, but the laws must be less restrictive means than the imposition of agency fees.
5.3.21 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
5.4.11 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Freedom of trade unions.
Trade union, membership / Trade union, fee deduction, obligation / Labour relations / Employment, collective agreement / Union, right to bargain collectively / Stare decisis, socio-political reality, change / Stare decisis, overruling.

USA-2021-1-009 a) United States of America / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 27.02.2019 / e) 17-7505 / f) Madison v. Alabama /
A prisoner who does not remember committing the crime they were convicted of may still be executed. A prisoner cannot be executed if they do not rationally understand the reasons for their execution. A prisoner who at one point understood the reasons for their execution but now cannot understand the rationale (due to recently onset dementia, psychosis, etc.) may not be executed.
5.3.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to life.
5.3.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Prohibition of torture and inhuman and degrading treatment.
Punishment, capital / Punishment, cruel and unusual / Right to life, scope / Death penalty, non-imposition, guarantee.

USA-2021-1-010 a) United States of America / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 17.06.2019 / e) 16-646 / f) Gamble v. United States /
The longstanding tradition of treating the federal and state governments as "dual sovereigns" is not overturned. The prohibition of double jeopardy does not apply to an offense which is prosecuted by separate sovereigns. The federal and state governments are separate sovereigns. Thus, a crime against the two sovereigns constitutes two offenses because each sovereign has an interest to vindicate.
3.6.3 General Principles - Structure of the State - Federal State.
3.20 General Principles - Reasonableness.
5.3.13.1.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Criminal proceedings.
5.3.14 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Ne bis in idem.
Sovereignty, dual / Punishment, excessive / Double jeopardy.

USA-2021-1-011 a) United States of America / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 17.06.2019 / e) 17-1702 / f) Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck /
Private operators of public access television channels are not state actors and therefore are not subject to constitutional liability. A private entity qualifies as a state actor only if it exercises "powers traditionally exclusively reserved to the State," such as operating a public forum. Public access television channels are not traditional, exclusive public forums that would be operated by... Read more
4.15 Institutions - Exercise of public functions by private bodies.
5.3.21 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
5.3.23 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights in respect of the audiovisual media and other means of mass communication.
Freedom of expression, artistic / Freedom of expression, collective / Media, broadcasting, public company / Media, cable television / Media, freedom of expression / Media, local television, legal system / Media, television / Public service, privatisation.

USA-2021-1-012 a) United States of America / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 20.06.2019 / e) 17-1717 / f) American Legion v. American Humanist Association /
A war memorial consisting of a Latin cross may be maintained using public funds without violating the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Memorials and monuments consisting of religious symbols may be preserved on the grounds that they took on new, secular significance. The Latin cross may be viewed as a non-religious symbol, especially with regard to World War... Read more
3.7 General Principles - Relations between the State and bodies of a religious or ideological nature.
5.3.18 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of conscience.
5.3.20 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of worship.
Religion, encouragement by the state / Religious symbol, secular significance / Religion, state, neutrality / Memorial, cross, maintenance, public funds.

USA-2021-1-013 a) United States of America / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 24.06.2019 / e) 18-302 / f) Iancu v. Brunetti /
A trademark registration law prohibiting registration of "immoral or scandalous matter" is an unconstitutional violation of the right to free speech. Permitting "moral" trademarks but not "immoral" trademarks constitutes viewpoint discrimination that violates the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
5.3.21 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
5.4.12 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to intellectual property.
Trademark, registration, immoral, prohibition / Viewpoint discrimination.

USA-2021-1-014 a) United States of America / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 27.06.2019 / e) 18-6210 / f) Mitchell v. Wisconsin /
An unconscious driver may generally be administered a warrantless test for Blood Alcohol Concentration (hereinafter, "BAC"). When there is a compelling need for official action and no time to secure a warrant, officials may administer a warrantless blood test.
5.1.5 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Emergency situations.
5.3.13.17 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Rules of evidence.
Blood alcohol concentration, test, warrant / Blood test / Evidence, illegally obtained / Evidence, admissibility / Warrant requirement, exception, emergency situation / Warrant, search, validity / Search, warrantless, emergency situation.

USA-2021-1-015 a) United States of America / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 27.06.2019 / e) 18-422 / f) Rucho v. Common Cause /
Partisan gerrymandering claims present political questions which are nonjusticiable by federal courts. Issues of partisan gerrymandering must be dealt with by the legislative branch instead. Districting for some level of partisan advantage is not unconstitutional in the United States of America, but there is a point at which gerrymandering has "gone too far." Extreme cases of partisan... Read more
1.3.5.14 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Government acts.
4.9.1 Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Competent body for the organisation and control of voting.
4.9.13 Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Judicial control.
5.2.1.4 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Elections.
Gerrymandering, partisan, justiciability / Election, gerrymandering / Election, administration / Election, constituency, boundaries, voters, number / Election, constitutional requirement / Election, equality of votes / Election, equal representation / Gerrymanding, racial / Gerrymandering, population inequality between districts.

USA-2021-1-016 a) United States of America / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 23.03.2020 / e) 18-6135 / f) Kahler v. Kansas /
The right to due process does not require a state to adopt an insanity test that turns on a defendant’s ability to recognise that his crime was morally wrong. The U.S. Constitution does not guarantee any particular version of the insanity defense. Individual states retain the authority to define the precise relationship between criminal culpability and mental illness.
3.20 General Principles - Reasonableness.
5.3.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Prohibition of torture and inhuman and degrading treatment.
5.3.13.1.4 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Litigious administrative proceedings.
Punishment, excessive / Punishment, capital / Punishment, capital, proportionality / Death penalty, insanity / Due process, fundamental elements.

USA-2021-1-017 a) United States of America / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 20.04.2020 / e) 18-5924 / f) Ramos v. Louisiana /
The right to trial by jury requires a unanimous verdict to convict a defendant of a serious offense. A defendant may not be convicted by a supermajority of ten out of twelve jurors. The right to due process incorporates the right to a unanimous verdict against states.
Jury, verdict / Jury, trial / Unanimity, requirement / Criminal proceeding, right to trial by jury.

USA-2021-1-018 a) United States of America / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 15.06.2020 / e) 17-1618 / f) Bostock v. Clayton County /
Workplace discrimination against homosexual persons is prohibited on the basis of sex-based discrimination. Workplace discrimination against persons of transgender status is prohibited on the basis of sex-based discrimination. So long as the plaintiff’s sex was one but-for cause of the decision to terminate his employment, that is enough to trigger legal protection.
3.20 General Principles - Reasonableness.
3.21 General Principles - Equality.
5.2.2.1 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Gender.
5.2.2.11 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Sexual orientation.
Discrimination, sex / Discrimination, gender / Discrimination, gender identity / Discrimination, sexual orientation.

USA-2021-1-019 a) United States of America / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 30.06.2020 / e) 18-1195 / f) Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue /
A clause which prohibited "direct or indirect" funding or religious educational institutions discriminated against religious schools and the families whose children attend them. The U.S. Constitution’s Free Exercise Clause prohibits the unequal treatment of religious observers and demands that no special disabilities be imposed on the basis of religious status. A provision that excludes... Read more
3.7 General Principles - Relations between the State and bodies of a religious or ideological nature.
3.17 General Principles - Weighing of interests.
5.2.2.6 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Religion.
5.3.20 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of worship.
Religion, church, state funding, discrimination / Education programme, government, financial assistance / School, religious.

USA-2021-1-020 a) United States of America / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 08.07.2020 / e) 19-267 / f) Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru /
The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, by means of the ministerial exception, forecloses the adjudication of certain employment-discrimination claims against religious employers. An employee’s function is central to the inquiry whether or not the employee should be considered a minister for the purposes of the ministerial exception.
3.7 General Principles - Relations between the State and bodies of a religious or ideological nature.
5.3.20 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of worship.
Religious community, self-determination / School, religious / School, religion teachers / Religion, church, sovereignty / Employment contract, cessation / Employment, discrimination / Employment, ecclesiastical law, judicial treatment / Minister, ministerial exception.

USA-2021-1-021 a) United States of America / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 09.07.2020 / e) 19-635 / f) Trump v. Vance /
Article II of the U.S. Constitution does not preclude, or require a heightened standard for, the issuance of a state criminal subpoena to a sitting President. The President of the United States does not have absolute immunity from state criminal subpoenas.
3.4 General Principles - Separation of powers.
3.6.3 General Principles - Structure of the State - Federal State.
4.4.6.1.1.1 Institutions - Head of State - Status - Liability - Legal liability - Immunity.
4.7.1 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Jurisdiction.
5.3.13.13 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Trial/decision within reasonable time.
Judicial proceedings, suspension / Court, jurisdiction, constitutional issue / Executive power, accountability / Subpoena, issuance.

B. Systematic Thesaurus
1.1.4.1Constitutional Justice - Constitutional jurisdiction - Relations with other institutions - Head of State.MDA-2021-1-004, MDA-2021-1-006, MDA-2021-1-009
1.1.4.2Constitutional Justice - Constitutional jurisdiction - Relations with other institutions - Legislative bodies.ITA-2021-1-003, MDA-2021-1-004, MDA-2021-1-006, MDA-2021-1-009
1.2.1.1Constitutional Justice - Types of claim - Claim by a public body - Head of State.MDA-2021-1-009
1.2.1.2Constitutional Justice - Types of claim - Claim by a public body - Legislative bodies.ESP-2021-1-002
1.2.2.1Constitutional Justice - Types of claim - Claim by a private body or individual - Natural person.BEL-2021-1-002
1.3.1Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Scope of review.CRO-2021-1-005
1.3.2.2Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Type of review - Abstract / concrete review.CRO-2021-1-003, CRO-2021-1-005, MDA-2021-1-004, MDA-2021-1-005, MDA-2021-1-006
1.3.3Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Advisory powers.MDA-2021-1-009
1.3.4.1Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Litigation in respect of fundamental rights and freedoms.ITA-2021-1-001, ITA-2021-1-002, ITA-2021-1-003
1.3.4.7.3Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Restrictive proceedings - Removal from parliamentary office.ESP-2021-1-004, ESP-2021-1-005
1.3.4.10Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Litigation in respect of the constitutionality of enactments.MDA-2021-1-005
1.3.4.11Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Litigation in respect of constitutional revision.CRO-2021-1-003
1.3.5.5Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Laws and other rules having the force of law.ITA-2021-1-001, ITA-2021-1-002, ITA-2021-1-003, MDA-2021-1-005
1.3.5.6Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Decrees of the Head of State.MDA-2021-1-004, MDA-2021-1-006, MDA-2021-1-009
1.3.5.8Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Rules issued by federal or regional entities.BRA-2021-1-011
1.3.5.10Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Rules issued by the executive.CRO-2021-1-005, USA-2021-1-006
1.3.5.13Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Administrative acts.SWE-2021-1-003
1.3.5.14Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Government acts.GRE-2021-1-003, USA-2021-1-015
1.3.5.15Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Failure to act or to pass legislation.EST-2021-1-001, GER-2021-1-002
1.4.3.3Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Time-limits for instituting proceedings - Leave to appeal out of time.CZE-2021-1-002
1.4.9.1Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Parties - Locus standi.MEX-2021-1-002
1.4.10Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Interlocutory proceedings.GRE-2021-1-003
1.4.10.7Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Interlocutory proceedings - Request for a preliminary ruling by the Court of Justice of the EU.GRE-2021-1-002, ITA-2021-1-001
1.4.14.1Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Costs - Waiver of court fees.LIE-2021-1-001
1.5.4.3Constitutional Justice - Decisions - Types - Finding of constitutionality or unconstitutionality.ITA-2021-1-001, ITA-2021-1-002
1.5.4.7Constitutional Justice - Decisions - Types - Interim measures.GER-2021-1-009
1.6.5Constitutional Justice - Effects - Temporal effect.ITA-2021-1-002
1.6.7Constitutional Justice - Effects - Influence on State organs.ITA-2021-1-003
2.1.1.1Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules.ITA-2021-1-001, ITA-2021-1-002, ITA-2021-1-003, KOS-2021-1-001, POR-2021-1-001
2.1.1.1.1Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules - Constitution.CZE-2021-1-001, CZE-2021-1-002, CZE-2021-1-003, ESP-2021-1-005, ESP-2021-1-006, ITA-2021-1-002, ITA-2021-1-003, NOR-2021-1-001, NOR-2021-1-002
2.1.1.1.2Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules - Quasi-constitutional enactments.GBR-2021-1-001
2.1.1.2Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules from other countries.KOS-2021-1-001
2.1.1.3Sources - Categories - Written rules - Law of the European Union/EU Law.ITA-2021-1-001, POR-2021-1-001
2.1.1.4.4Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - European Convention on Human Rights of 1950.BEL-2021-1-004, BIH-2021-1-002, ESP-2021-1-006, GBR-2021-1-001, GBR-2021-1-002, GRE-2021-1-001
2.1.1.4.6Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - European Social Charter of 1961.ITA-2021-1-001
2.1.1.4.8Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966.ARG-2021-1-001, BEL-2021-1-004
2.1.1.4.11Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - American Convention on Human Rights of 1969.ARG-2021-1-001
2.1.1.4.18Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union of 2000.ECJ-2021-1-002, ECJ-2021-1-005, ITA-2021-1-001, POR-2021-1-001
2.1.2.1Sources - Categories - Unwritten rules - Constitutional custom.NOR-2021-1-002
2.1.2.2Sources - Categories - Unwritten rules - General principles of law.ITA-2021-1-003
2.1.3.1Sources - Categories - Case-law - Domestic case-law.GBR-2021-1-001, GBR-2021-1-002, KOS-2021-1-001, MDA-2021-1-005
2.1.3.2.1Sources - Categories - Case-law - International case-law - European Court of Human Rights.ESP-2021-1-006, GBR-2021-1-001, GRE-2021-1-001, ITA-2021-1-003, KOS-2021-1-001
2.1.3.2.2Sources - Categories - Case-law - International case-law - Court of Justice of the European Union.ITA-2021-1-003, POR-2021-1-001
2.2.1.5Sources - Hierarchy - Hierarchy as between national and non-national sources - European Convention on Human Rights and non-constitutional domestic legal instruments.GBR-2021-1-001, GBR-2021-1-002
2.2.1.6Sources - Hierarchy - Hierarchy as between national and non-national sources - Law of the European Union/EU Law and domestic law.ITA-2021-1-001
2.2.2.1Sources - Hierarchy - Hierarchy as between national sources - Hierarchy emerging from the Constitution.ESP-2021-1-004, ESP-2021-1-005, KOS-2021-1-001
2.3Sources - Techniques of review.BRA-2021-1-008
2.3.2Sources - Techniques of review - Concept of constitutionality dependent on a specified interpretation.BRA-2021-1-008, ESP-2021-1-007
2.3.10Sources - Techniques of review - Contextual interpretation.ESP-2021-1-007
2.3.11Sources - Techniques of review - Pro homine/most favourable interpretation to the individual.ESP-2021-1-007, MEX-2021-1-002
3.1General Principles - Sovereignty.ECH-2021-1-003
3.3.1General Principles - Democracy - Representative democracy.CZE-2021-1-001, ESP-2021-1-002, GER-2021-1-002, GER-2021-1-007, GER-2021-1-008
3.3.2General Principles - Democracy - Direct democracy.ALG-2021-1-001
3.4General Principles - Separation of powers.BRA-2021-1-001, BRA-2021-1-006, BRA-2021-1-010, CAN-2021-1-001, CRO-2021-1-003, CRO-2021-1-004, ESP-2021-1-002, ESP-2021-1-003, EST-2021-1-003, GBR-2021-1-002, KOR-2021-1-001, USA-2021-1-021
3.6.3General Principles - Structure of the State - Federal State.GER-2021-1-005, USA-2021-1-010, USA-2021-1-021
3.7General Principles - Relations between the State and bodies of a religious or ideological nature.BRA-2021-1-012, BRA-2021-1-013, USA-2021-1-012, USA-2021-1-019, USA-2021-1-020
3.8General Principles - Territorial principles.ECH-2021-1-003
3.8.1General Principles - Territorial principles - Indivisibility of the territory.ESP-2021-1-004
3.9General Principles - Rule of law.ALG-2021-1-004, BIH-2021-1-002, BLR-2021-1-001, CRO-2021-1-003, CZE-2021-1-002, ECJ-2021-1-002, LTU-2021-1-001, LTU-2021-1-002
3.10General Principles - Certainty of the law.AZE-2021-1-001, ECJ-2021-1-006, ESP-2021-1-003, ESP-2021-1-004, ESP-2021-1-005, EST-2021-1-002, ROM-2021-1-001, UKR-2021-1-001, UKR-2021-1-002, USA-2021-1-001
3.12General Principles - Clarity and precision of legal provisions.ESP-2021-1-003, FRA-2021-1-006, GRE-2021-1-001, MDA-2021-1-002, SWE-2021-1-001, SWE-2021-1-002
3.13General Principles - Legality.BLR-2021-1-001, CRO-2021-1-001, CRO-2021-1-002, CRO-2021-1-005, GRE-2021-1-003, MDA-2021-1-007, POR-2021-1-002, USA-2021-1-002
3.14General Principles - Nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege.BEL-2021-1-002
3.15General Principles - Publication of laws.ESP-2021-1-004, ESP-2021-1-005
3.16General Principles - Proportionality.BIH-2021-1-002, BRA-2021-1-001, BRA-2021-1-008, BRA-2021-1-009, BRA-2021-1-012, CRO-2021-1-001, CRO-2021-1-002, ECH-2021-1-004, ECH-2021-1-005, ECJ-2021-1-002, ESP-2021-1-006, FRA-2021-1-002, FRA-2021-1-003, GRE-2021-1-003, KOR-2021-1-002, KOR-2021-1-003, LTU-2021-1-002, MDA-2021-1-002, MDA-2021-1-007, POR-2021-1-002, SLO-2021-1-002, SLO-2021-1-003, SLO-2021-1-004
3.17General Principles - Weighing of interests.AUT-2021-1-001, BIH-2021-1-002, BRA-2021-1-012, CRO-2021-1-001, CRO-2021-1-002, GER-2021-1-003, GER-2021-1-008, GER-2021-1-009, GRE-2021-1-003, ITA-2021-1-003, KOR-2021-1-002, MDA-2021-1-002, USA-2021-1-004, USA-2021-1-019
3.18General Principles - General interest.ARG-2021-1-001, CRO-2021-1-001, CRO-2021-1-002, ESP-2021-1-004, ESP-2021-1-005, FRA-2021-1-003, GRE-2021-1-001, GRE-2021-1-003, MDA-2021-1-002
3.19General Principles - Margin of appreciation.GER-2021-1-002, GER-2021-1-008, KOR-2021-1-001
3.20General Principles - Reasonableness.BRA-2021-1-001, BRA-2021-1-008, BRA-2021-1-009, CZE-2021-1-003, ECH-2021-1-012, ITA-2021-1-002, MDA-2021-1-007, USA-2021-1-002, USA-2021-1-005, USA-2021-1-010, USA-2021-1-016, USA-2021-1-018
3.21General Principles - Equality.ALG-2021-1-002, ALG-2021-1-003, CRO-2021-1-005, ITA-2021-1-001, ITA-2021-1-003, MDA-2021-1-001, POR-2021-1-001, USA-2021-1-018
3.22General Principles - Prohibition of arbitrariness.BIH-2021-1-002, CZE-2021-1-002, ECH-2021-1-001, ECH-2021-1-002, ECH-2021-1-012, ITA-2021-1-001, ITA-2021-1-002, ITA-2021-1-003, LIE-2021-1-001, USA-2021-1-001
3.23General Principles - Equity.ITA-2021-1-001
3.25General Principles - Market economy.BRA-2021-1-011, MDA-2021-1-005
4.3.1Institutions - Languages - Official language(s).MDA-2021-1-003
4.3.4Institutions - Languages - Minority language(s).MDA-2021-1-003
4.4.3Institutions - Head of State - Powers.CRO-2021-1-004, ECJ-2021-1-003, ECJ-2021-1-005
4.4.3.1Institutions - Head of State - Powers - Relations with legislative bodies.CRO-2021-1-004, MDA-2021-1-004, MDA-2021-1-006, MDA-2021-1-009
4.4.3.2Institutions - Head of State - Powers - Relations with the executive bodies.MDA-2021-1-004, MDA-2021-1-006, MDA-2021-1-009
4.4.3.3Institutions - Head of State - Powers - Relations with judicial bodies.CRO-2021-1-004
4.4.3.4Institutions - Head of State - Powers - Promulgation of laws.BRA-2021-1-006, BRA-2021-1-009, BRA-2021-1-012
4.4.4.3Institutions - Head of State - Appointment - Direct/indirect election.ALG-2021-1-001
4.4.5.2Institutions - Head of State - Term of office - Duration of office.ALG-2021-1-001
4.4.6.1.1.1Institutions - Head of State - Status - Liability - Legal liability - Immunity.USA-2021-1-021
4.4.6.1.2Institutions - Head of State - Status - Liability - Political responsibility.BRA-2021-1-004, BRA-2021-1-005, BRA-2021-1-006, BRA-2021-1-010, BRA-2021-1-012
4.5Institutions - Legislative bodies.CRO-2021-1-004
4.5.2Institutions - Legislative bodies - Powers.GER-2021-1-005, UKR-2021-1-001
4.5.2.1Institutions - Legislative bodies - Powers - Competences with respect to international agreements.GER-2021-1-003, GER-2021-1-008
4.5.3.1Institutions - Legislative bodies - Composition - Election of members.GER-2021-1-002, GER-2021-1-007
4.5.3.4Institutions - Legislative bodies - Composition - Term of office of members.MDA-2021-1-009, MEX-2021-1-002
4.5.3.4.1Institutions - Legislative bodies - Composition - Term of office of members - Characteristics.MDA-2021-1-009
4.5.4.1Institutions - Legislative bodies - Organisation - Rules of procedure.FRA-2021-1-006, MDA-2021-1-010
4.5.4.4Institutions - Legislative bodies - Organisation - Committees.ESP-2021-1-002
4.5.7Institutions - Legislative bodies - Relations with the executive bodies.MDA-2021-1-004, MDA-2021-1-006, MDA-2021-1-009
4.5.7.2Institutions - Legislative bodies - Relations with the executive bodies - Questions of confidence.KOS-2021-1-001
4.5.10Institutions - Legislative bodies - Political parties.GER-2021-1-007
4.6.2Institutions - Executive bodies - Powers.CRO-2021-1-001, CRO-2021-1-002
4.6.3.2Institutions - Executive bodies - Application of laws - Delegated rule-making powers.UKR-2021-1-001
4.6.4.1Institutions - Executive bodies - Composition - Appointment of members.MDA-2021-1-004, MDA-2021-1-006
4.6.6Institutions - Executive bodies - Relations with judicial bodies.BRA-2021-1-010
4.6.9.1Institutions - Executive bodies - The civil service - Conditions of access.LTU-2021-1-002
4.6.10Institutions - Executive bodies - Liability.ESP-2021-1-002
4.6.10.1Institutions - Executive bodies - Liability - Legal liability.KOR-2021-1-001
4.6.10.1.3Institutions - Executive bodies - Liability - Legal liability - Criminal liability.BRA-2021-1-010
4.6.10.2Institutions - Executive bodies - Liability - Political responsibility.KOR-2021-1-001
4.7.1Institutions - Judicial bodies - Jurisdiction.USA-2021-1-021
4.7.1.1Institutions - Judicial bodies - Jurisdiction - Exclusive jurisdiction.ROM-2021-1-001
4.7.2Institutions - Judicial bodies - Procedure.ROM-2021-1-001
4.7.3Institutions - Judicial bodies - Decisions.ROM-2021-1-001
4.7.4.1.1Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members - Qualifications.CRO-2021-1-004
4.7.4.1.2Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members - Appointment.CRO-2021-1-004, ECJ-2021-1-003, ECJ-2021-1-005
4.7.4.1.5Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members - End of office.ESP-2021-1-003
4.7.4.1.6.3Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members - Status - Irremovability.ESP-2021-1-003
4.7.4.2Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Officers of the court.MDA-2021-1-007
4.7.4.3.1Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Prosecutors / State counsel - Powers.ECJ-2021-1-002
4.7.5Institutions - Judicial bodies - Supreme Judicial Council or equivalent body.ECJ-2021-1-003
4.7.6Institutions - Judicial bodies - Relations with bodies of international jurisdiction.CZE-2021-1-003
4.7.7Institutions - Judicial bodies - Supreme court.CRO-2021-1-004, ECJ-2021-1-003, ECJ-2021-1-005
4.7.14Institutions - Judicial bodies - Arbitration.GER-2021-1-003
4.7.15.1Institutions - Judicial bodies - Legal assistance and representation of parties - The Bar.ARG-2021-1-001, KOR-2021-1-002
4.8Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government.MEX-2021-1-002
4.8.1Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Federal entities.BRA-2021-1-005
4.8.3Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Municipalities.LTU-2021-1-003
4.8.4.1Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Basic principles - Autonomy.BRA-2021-1-005, ESP-2021-1-004, ESP-2021-1-005
4.8.8Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Distribution of powers.BRA-2021-1-001, BRA-2021-1-011, CAN-2021-1-001, GER-2021-1-005
4.8.8.3Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Distribution of powers - Supervision.ESP-2021-1-004, ESP-2021-1-005
4.9.1Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Competent body for the organisation and control of voting.ALG-2021-1-004, USA-2021-1-015
4.9.3.1Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Electoral system - Method of voting.CZE-2021-1-001
4.9.4Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Constituencies.GER-2021-1-007
4.9.5Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Eligibility.GER-2021-1-002, GER-2021-1-007
4.9.7.2Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Preliminary procedures - Registration of parties and candidates.GER-2021-1-002, GER-2021-1-007, RUS-2021-1-001
4.9.8Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Electoral campaign and campaign material.MEX-2021-1-001
4.9.8.1Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Electoral campaign and campaign material - Campaign financing.ALG-2021-1-004
4.9.9.3Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Voting procedures - Voting.KOR-2021-1-004
4.9.10Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Minimum participation rate required.CZE-2021-1-001
4.9.13Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Judicial control.USA-2021-1-015
4.10.2Institutions - Public finances - Budget.GER-2021-1-008, MDA-2021-1-005, MDA-2021-1-010
4.10.5Institutions - Public finances - Central bank.MDA-2021-1-010
4.11.1Institutions - Armed forces, police forces and secret services - Armed forces.ECH-2021-1-003
4.11.2Institutions - Armed forces, police forces and secret services - Police forces.ESP-2021-1-004, EST-2021-1-003, KOR-2021-1-003
4.15Institutions - Exercise of public functions by private bodies.ARG-2021-1-001, USA-2021-1-011
4.16Institutions - International relations.ECH-2021-1-003
4.16.1Institutions - International relations - Transfer of powers to international institutions.NOR-2021-1-001, NOR-2021-1-002
4.17.2.1Institutions - European Union - Distribution of powers between the EU and member states - Sincere co-operation between EU institutions and member States.GER-2021-1-008, ITA-2021-1-001
4.18Institutions - State of emergency and emergency powers.BIH-2021-1-002, BRA-2021-1-001, CZE-2021-1-002, FRA-2021-1-006, KOR-2021-1-001
5.1.1Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights.BRA-2021-1-011, KOR-2021-1-003
5.1.1.1.1Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Nationals - Nationals living abroad.KOR-2021-1-005
5.1.1.3Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Foreigners.SUI-2021-1-001, USA-2021-1-006
5.1.1.4Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons.BRA-2021-1-007, KOR-2021-1-003, RUS-2021-1-002, RUS-2021-1-003, UKR-2021-1-001
5.1.1.4.1Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Minors.BEL-2021-1-002, ECH-2021-1-010, ESP-2021-1-006, ITA-2021-1-003
5.1.1.4.2Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Incapacitated.RUS-2021-1-001
5.1.1.4.3Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Detainees.FRA-2021-1-001, FRA-2021-1-002, FRA-2021-1-004, FRA-2021-1-007
5.1.1.5.1Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Legal persons - Private law.UKR-2021-1-002
5.1.2Fundamental Rights - General questions - Horizontal effects.RSA-2021-1-002
5.1.3Fundamental Rights - General questions - Positive obligation of the state.BRA-2021-1-010, ECH-2021-1-004, ECH-2021-1-007, ECH-2021-1-010, ECH-2021-1-014, GER-2021-1-004
5.1.4Fundamental Rights - General questions - Limits and restrictions.CRO-2021-1-001, CRO-2021-1-002, GRE-2021-1-001, GRE-2021-1-003
5.1.4.2Fundamental Rights - General questions - Limits and restrictions - General/special clause of limitation.BIH-2021-1-002, BRA-2021-1-012
5.1.4.3Fundamental Rights - General questions - Limits and restrictions - Subsequent review of limitation.BIH-2021-1-002
5.1.5Fundamental Rights - General questions - Emergency situations.BIH-2021-1-002, BRA-2021-1-003, BRA-2021-1-004, BRA-2021-1-005, BRA-2021-1-008, BRA-2021-1-009, BRA-2021-1-010, BRA-2021-1-011, CRO-2021-1-001, CRO-2021-1-002, FRA-2021-1-001, FRA-2021-1-002, GRE-2021-1-003, KOR-2021-1-001, SLO-2021-1-003, SLO-2021-1-004, USA-2021-1-014
5.2Fundamental Rights - Equality.ALG-2021-1-004
5.2.1.1Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Public burdens.FRA-2021-1-003, KOR-2021-1-005
5.2.1.2Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Employment.BRA-2021-1-007, CRO-2021-1-002, ECJ-2021-1-001
5.2.1.2.2Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Employment - In public law.ALG-2021-1-002, ALG-2021-1-003, GRE-2021-1-002
5.2.1.3Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Social security.ECJ-2021-1-001, RSA-2021-1-003
5.2.1.4Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Elections.GER-2021-1-002, GER-2021-1-007, KOR-2021-1-004, USA-2021-1-015
5.2.2Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction.RSA-2021-1-004
5.2.2.1Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Gender.ECH-2021-1-008, GBR-2021-1-002, GER-2021-1-002, GRE-2021-1-002, RSA-2021-1-002, RSA-2021-1-003, USA-2021-1-018
5.2.2.2Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Race.RSA-2021-1-003
5.2.2.3Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Ethnic origin.ECH-2021-1-011, RSA-2021-1-003
5.2.2.4Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Citizenship or nationality.KOR-2021-1-005, USA-2021-1-006
5.2.2.5Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Social origin.RSA-2021-1-003
5.2.2.6Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Religion.USA-2021-1-004, USA-2021-1-019
5.2.2.7Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Age.ESP-2021-1-006, RSA-2021-1-003
5.2.2.8Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Physical or mental disability.ECJ-2021-1-001, KOR-2021-1-004
5.2.2.10Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Language.MDA-2021-1-003
5.2.2.11Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Sexual orientation.ECH-2021-1-004, ITA-2021-1-003, USA-2021-1-018
5.2.2.12Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Civil status.ITA-2021-1-003
5.2.3Fundamental Rights - Equality - Affirmative action.GER-2021-1-002
5.3.1Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to dignity.BRA-2021-1-007, ECH-2021-1-005, ESP-2021-1-006, FRA-2021-1-007, GER-2021-1-001, ITA-2021-1-003, POR-2021-1-002, ROM-2021-1-003, RSA-2021-1-001, RSA-2021-1-003
5.3.2Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to life.BRA-2021-1-003, BRA-2021-1-004, BRA-2021-1-005, BRA-2021-1-006, BRA-2021-1-010, BRA-2021-1-012, ECH-2021-1-006, ECH-2021-1-009, ECH-2021-1-014, GER-2021-1-004, KOR-2021-1-003, USA-2021-1-009
5.3.3Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Prohibition of torture and inhuman and degrading treatment.ECH-2021-1-004, ECH-2021-1-006, ECH-2021-1-007, ECH-2021-1-013, FRA-2021-1-007, GBR-2021-1-001, POR-2021-1-002, SRB-2021-1-001, USA-2021-1-009, USA-2021-1-016
5.3.4Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to physical and psychological integrity.BRA-2021-1-004, ESP-2021-1-006, GER-2021-1-001, GER-2021-1-004, SRB-2021-1-001
5.3.5Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty.BRA-2021-1-002, USA-2021-1-005
5.3.5.1Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty.BRA-2021-1-004, ECH-2021-1-006, EST-2021-1-001, FRA-2021-1-007, MDA-2021-1-007, ROM-2021-1-002, ROM-2021-1-003
5.3.5.1.1Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty - Arrest.ECH-2021-1-001, FRA-2021-1-007, SRB-2021-1-001
5.3.5.1.2Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty - Non-penal measures.MDA-2021-1-007
5.3.5.1.3Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty - Detention pending trial.ECH-2021-1-012, FRA-2021-1-001, FRA-2021-1-002
5.3.5.1.4Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty - Conditional release.BRA-2021-1-004, EST-2021-1-001
5.3.5.2Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Prohibition of forced or compulsory labour.ECH-2021-1-010
5.3.6Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of movement.BIH-2021-1-002, SLO-2021-1-003, USA-2021-1-006
5.3.7Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to emigrate.KOR-2021-1-005
5.3.8Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to citizenship or nationality.KOR-2021-1-005, SWE-2021-1-004
5.3.9Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right of residence.SUI-2021-1-001, USA-2021-1-001
5.3.11Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right of asylum.ECH-2021-1-013, SLO-2021-1-001, SRB-2021-1-001
5.3.12Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Security of the person.BRA-2021-1-004, BRA-2021-1-005, BRA-2021-1-006, BRA-2021-1-010, BRA-2021-1-012
5.3.13Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial.BEL-2021-1-004, ECH-2021-1-010, LTU-2021-1-001
5.3.13.1.2Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Civil proceedings.AZE-2021-1-002
5.3.13.1.3Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Criminal proceedings.ECJ-2021-1-006, FRA-2021-1-001, FRA-2021-1-004, MDA-2021-1-008, POR-2021-1-002, ROM-2021-1-001, ROM-2021-1-002, ROM-2021-1-003, USA-2021-1-003, USA-2021-1-010
5.3.13.1.4Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Litigious administrative proceedings.USA-2021-1-016
5.3.13.2Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Effective remedy.ARM-2021-1-001, FRA-2021-1-007, GER-2021-1-003, ROM-2021-1-002, ROM-2021-1-003, SRB-2021-1-001
5.3.13.3Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.AZE-2021-1-002, FRA-2021-1-002, FRA-2021-1-007, GER-2021-1-003, GER-2021-1-006, MDA-2021-1-008, NOR-2021-1-001, ROM-2021-1-002, ROM-2021-1-003, RSA-2021-1-001, SWE-2021-1-003, SWE-2021-1-004, UKR-2021-1-002
5.3.13.4Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Double degree of jurisdiction.ALG-2021-1-002, ALG-2021-1-003
5.3.13.7Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right to participate in the administration of justice.FRA-2021-1-001
5.3.13.13Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Trial/decision within reasonable time.USA-2021-1-021
5.3.13.14Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Independence.ECJ-2021-1-003
5.3.13.15Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Impartiality.USA-2021-1-004
5.3.13.17Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Rules of evidence.SWE-2021-1-002, USA-2021-1-005, USA-2021-1-014
5.3.13.18Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Reasoning.ARM-2021-1-001, BIH-2021-1-001, ECH-2021-1-010, ECH-2021-1-012, ROM-2021-1-003, SLO-2021-1-001, SLO-2021-1-002
5.3.13.20Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Adversarial principle.AZE-2021-1-001
5.3.13.22Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Presumption of innocence.BEL-2021-1-002, FRA-2021-1-004, ROM-2021-1-002, ROM-2021-1-003, RUS-2021-1-003
5.3.13.23Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right to remain silent.BEL-2021-1-002, FRA-2021-1-004
5.3.13.23.1Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right to remain silent - Right not to incriminate oneself.EST-2021-1-001, FRA-2021-1-004
5.3.13.24Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right to be informed about the reasons of detention.ROM-2021-1-003
5.3.13.27Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right to counsel.SRB-2021-1-001, SWE-2021-1-002, USA-2021-1-003
5.3.14Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Ne bis in idem.ECH-2021-1-004, ECJ-2021-1-006, USA-2021-1-010
5.3.15Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights of victims of crime.RUS-2021-1-002
5.3.17Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to compensation for damage caused by the State.CZE-2021-1-003, KOR-2021-1-001, ROM-2021-1-002
5.3.18Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of conscience.USA-2021-1-004, USA-2021-1-007, USA-2021-1-012
5.3.19Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of opinion.ESP-2021-1-007
5.3.20Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of worship.BRA-2021-1-013, CRO-2021-1-001, CRO-2021-1-002, USA-2021-1-012, USA-2021-1-019, USA-2021-1-020
5.3.21Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.BEL-2021-1-003, BRA-2021-1-002, ECH-2021-1-011, ESP-2021-1-007, MEX-2021-1-001, SLO-2021-1-002, SWE-2021-1-001, USA-2021-1-002, USA-2021-1-004, USA-2021-1-007, USA-2021-1-008, USA-2021-1-011, USA-2021-1-013
5.3.22Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of the written press.BRA-2021-1-002, ESP-2021-1-001
5.3.23Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights in respect of the audiovisual media and other means of mass communication.BRA-2021-1-002, ECJ-2021-1-004, ESP-2021-1-001, MEX-2021-1-001, USA-2021-1-011
5.3.24Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to information.ARG-2021-1-001, AUT-2021-1-001, BRA-2021-1-003, BRA-2021-1-006, ESP-2021-1-001, MDA-2021-1-002
5.3.25Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to administrative transparency.ARG-2021-1-001, BRA-2021-1-005, BRA-2021-1-006
5.3.25.1Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to administrative transparency - Right of access to administrative documents.ARG-2021-1-001
5.3.26Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - National service.KOR-2021-1-005
5.3.28Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of assembly.KOR-2021-1-003
5.3.29Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to participate in public affairs.FRA-2021-1-005, MEX-2021-1-002
5.3.29.1Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to participate in public affairs - Right to participate in political activity.ALG-2021-1-004, BRA-2021-1-009, CZE-2021-1-001, MEX-2021-1-002
5.3.31Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to respect for one's honour and reputation.BRA-2021-1-002, ESP-2021-1-001
5.3.32Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.AUT-2021-1-001, BEL-2021-1-004, BIH-2021-1-002, ECH-2021-1-002, ECH-2021-1-005, ECH-2021-1-006, ECH-2021-1-007, ECH-2021-1-011, ESP-2021-1-006, GER-2021-1-001, MDA-2021-1-001, SUI-2021-1-001
5.3.32.1Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life - Protection of personal data.AUT-2021-1-001, BEL-2021-1-001, BEL-2021-1-003, BLR-2021-1-001, BRA-2021-1-002, ECJ-2021-1-002, GER-2021-1-001, KOR-2021-1-002, RSA-2021-1-001, USA-2021-1-005
5.3.33Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life.GER-2021-1-006, GRE-2021-1-001, ITA-2021-1-003, SUI-2021-1-001
5.3.33.1Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life - Descent.ITA-2021-1-003
5.3.33.2Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life - Succession.RSA-2021-1-002
5.3.35Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Inviolability of the home.BEL-2021-1-004
5.3.36.1Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Inviolability of communications - Correspondence.RSA-2021-1-001
5.3.36.2Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Inviolability of communications - Telephonic communications.ECJ-2021-1-002, USA-2021-1-005
5.3.36.3Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Inviolability of communications - Electronic communications.BEL-2021-1-003
5.3.38Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Non-retrospective effect of law.GRE-2021-1-001
5.3.38.1Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Non-retrospective effect of law - Criminal law.GER-2021-1-001
5.3.39Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to property.AZE-2021-1-002, CRO-2021-1-002, ECH-2021-1-006, ECH-2021-1-008, ECJ-2021-1-004, EST-2021-1-002, GER-2021-1-003, GER-2021-1-004
5.3.39.3Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to property - Other limitations.RSA-2021-1-003
5.3.41Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Electoral rights.LTU-2021-1-003, MEX-2021-1-002
5.3.41.1Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Electoral rights - Right to vote.GER-2021-1-002, KOR-2021-1-004, LTU-2021-1-003
5.3.41.2Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Electoral rights - Right to stand for election.GER-2021-1-002, GER-2021-1-007
5.3.41.3Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Electoral rights - Freedom of voting.GER-2021-1-002, KOR-2021-1-004, USA-2021-1-002
5.3.41.4Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Electoral rights - Secret ballot.KOR-2021-1-004
5.3.42Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights in respect of taxation.ITA-2021-1-002
5.3.44Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights of the child.BEL-2021-1-002, ECH-2021-1-007, ESP-2021-1-006, ITA-2021-1-003
5.3.45Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Protection of minorities and persons belonging to minorities.BRA-2021-1-003
5.4.2Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to education.BRA-2021-1-001, BRA-2021-1-013, ECH-2021-1-006, SLO-2021-1-004
5.4.3Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to work.BRA-2021-1-007, ITA-2021-1-001, LTU-2021-1-002
5.4.4Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Freedom to choose one's profession.EST-2021-1-003, POR-2021-1-002
5.4.6Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Commercial and industrial freedom.CRO-2021-1-002, CZE-2021-1-002, FRA-2021-1-003
5.4.7Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Consumer protection.BRA-2021-1-011
5.4.8Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Freedom of contract.BRA-2021-1-001, BRA-2021-1-011
5.4.9Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right of access to the public service.BRA-2021-1-003, BRA-2021-1-008, BRA-2021-1-009, BRA-2021-1-010, BRA-2021-1-011, LTU-2021-1-002
5.4.11Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Freedom of trade unions.USA-2021-1-008
5.4.12Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to intellectual property.ECJ-2021-1-004, USA-2021-1-013
5.4.13Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to housing.RSA-2021-1-003
5.4.14Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to social security.RSA-2021-1-003, UKR-2021-1-001
5.4.16Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to a pension.EST-2021-1-002, UKR-2021-1-001
5.4.17Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to just and decent working conditions.BRA-2021-1-007
5.4.19Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.BRA-2021-1-003, BRA-2021-1-004, BRA-2021-1-005, BRA-2021-1-006, BRA-2021-1-008, BRA-2021-1-009, BRA-2021-1-010, BRA-2021-1-011, BRA-2021-1-012, CRO-2021-1-001, CRO-2021-1-002, ESP-2021-1-006, FRA-2021-1-001, FRA-2021-1-005, RSA-2021-1-003
5.4.22Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Artistic freedom.USA-2021-1-004
5.5.1Fundamental Rights - Collective rights - Right to the environment.CRO-2021-1-005, FRA-2021-1-005, GER-2021-1-004
5.5.5Fundamental Rights - Collective rights - Rights of aboriginal peoples, ancestral rights.CAN-2021-1-002

C. Alphabetical Index

5G, rollout FRA-2021-1-003
Abortion, access USA-2021-1-007
Abstract review, legislative model, repeal CRO-2021-1-005
Access to courts, arbitration, clause, jurisdiction GER-2021-1-003
Action on grounds of failure to fulfil obligations, justifications ESP-2021-1-005
Administrative practice, civilian, killing ECH-2021-1-006
Administrative practice, direct evidence ECH-2021-1-003
Administrative practice, home, inability to return ECH-2021-1-006
Administrative practice, house, looting ECH-2021-1-006
Administrative practice, house, torching ECH-2021-1-006
Administrative practice, official tolerance ECH-2021-1-003
Administrative practice, repetition of acts ECH-2021-1-003
Adoption ITA-2021-1-003
Agricultural products, securities, subsidies POR-2021-1-001
Aim, legitimate MDA-2021-1-002
Aliens, expulsion, collective SRB-2021-1-001
Anti-Semitism ECH-2021-1-011
Appearance, videoconference FRA-2021-1-001
Application to join, constitutional complaint KOR-2021-1-003
Approval MDA-2021-1-005
Arbitration, award, damages GER-2021-1-003
Arbitration, clause, investment, treaty GER-2021-1-003
Area, effective control ECH-2021-1-003
Armed conflict, extraterritorial, jurisdictional link ECH-2021-1-009
Army, airstrike, civilian death, investigation ECH-2021-1-009
Army, exclusive jurisdiction ECH-2021-1-009
Arrest warrant, international, refugee ECH-2021-1-001
Asset, private property RSA-2021-1-002
Assistance, legal, effective LTU-2021-1-001
Asylum, application, rejection SLO-2021-1-001
Asylum, application, substantiation SLO-2021-1-001
Authorisation, legislative, duration ESP-2021-1-004, ESP-2021-1-005
Authority, administrative, independent, power, scope ESP-2021-1-004, ESP-2021-1-005
Autonomy, restricted ESP-2021-1-005
Autonomy, restriction ESP-2021-1-004
Autonomy, secession, unilateral ESP-2021-1-005
Bailiff MDA-2021-1-007
Balancing of interests, proportionality, justified interference MDA-2021-1-002
Bar examination KOR-2021-1-002
Bar Examination, management, fairness, transparency KOR-2021-1-002
Beggar, vulnerable ECH-2021-1-005
Begging, aggressive ECH-2021-1-005
Begging, blanket prohibition, criminal ECH-2021-1-005
Begging, means of survival ECH-2021-1-005
Begging, right to private life ECH-2021-1-005
Bibles, mandatory maintenance BRA-2021-1-013
Biodiversity FRA-2021-1-005
Blood alcohol concentration, test, warrant USA-2021-1-014
Blood test USA-2021-1-014
Bodily harm, intentional, offence RUS-2021-1-003
Budget MDA-2021-1-005
Budget, expenditure MDA-2021-1-010
Cake, expressive statement USA-2021-1-004
Candidates, equal opportunities, equality, gender, difference, biological GRE-2021-1-002
Capital markets, borrowing GER-2021-1-008
Catering facilities, suspension of work CRO-2021-1-002
Cell-phone, location data, sharing USA-2021-1-005
Censorship BRA-2021-1-002
Charges, fabricated ECH-2021-1-001
Chernobyl victims, legislation, social guarantees UKR-2021-1-001
Child trafficking ECH-2021-1-010
Child, abuse by other child ECH-2021-1-007
Child, best interests ITA-2021-1-003
Child, sexual abuse, investigation ECH-2021-1-007
Circumstance, exceptional BIH-2021-1-002
Citizenship, application, rejection SWE-2021-1-004
Civil register, amendment, name, sex ESP-2021-1-006
Climate Change GER-2021-1-004
Coercive measures ESP-2021-1-005, ESP-2021-1-004
Communication, electronic BEL-2021-1-003
Communication, interception, bulk, surveillance RSA-2021-1-001
Community, territorial LTU-2021-1-003
Competence, professional GRE-2021-1-001
Competent body, formalities, observance ESP-2021-1-004, ESP-2021-1-005
Complainant, deceased, termination, adjudication proceedings, exception, judicial interest KOR-2021-1-003
Complaint, prosecution, consent RUS-2021-1-003
Connection, sufficient MDA-2021-1-008
Constitution MDA-2021-1-004, MDA-2021-1-006
Constitution, identity GER-2021-1-003, GER-2021-1-008
Constitution, interpretation, jurisdiction of federal government CAN-2021-1-001
Constitution, spirit ALG-2021-1-001
Constitutional Court, jurisdiction, limit CRO-2021-1-003
Constitutional Justice, external limits ITA-2021-1-003
Constitutional review, NGO, request, admissibility NOR-2021-1-001
Continuation of custody FRA-2021-1-002
Continuity of operation of constitutional institutions ALG-2021-1-001
Contract, applicable law BRA-2021-1-001, BRA-2021-1-011
Contract, fulfilment BRA-2021-1-011
Contract, obligation to negotiate BRA-2021-1-011, BRA-2021-1-001
Contract, obligation, failure to fulfil BRA-2021-1-001
Contract, obligation, inability to fulfil BRA-2021-1-011, BRA-2021-1-001
Contract, performance, good faith BRA-2021-1-001
Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 ECH-2021-1-001
Co-operation between different Courts ITA-2021-1-001
Copyright, protection, circumvention ECJ-2021-1-004
Costs, litigation, distribution LTU-2021-1-001
Council, municipal LTU-2021-1-003
Council, municipal, chairperson LTU-2021-1-003
Counsel, effective, assistance USA-2021-1-003
Counsel, rejection, right USA-2021-1-003
Court decision, reasoning, appeal ARM-2021-1-001
Court of Justice of the European Union, national courts, indissoluble link ITA-2021-1-001
Court proceeding, reopening CZE-2021-1-003
Court proceedings, length CZE-2021-1-003
Court, higher appeal court ALG-2021-1-002, ALG-2021-1-003
Court, jurisdiction, constitutional issue USA-2021-1-021
COVID 19 CRO-2021-1-001, CZE-2021-1-002
COVID-19 BRA-2021-1-001, CRO-2021-1-002, FRA-2021-1-002, SLO-2021-1-003, SLO-2021-1-004
COVID-19 pandemic, contact tracing application BRA-2021-1-001
COVID-19 pandemic, entry to the European Union, temporary restriction GER-2021-1-006
COVID-19 pandemic, travel to the European Union, temporary restriction GER-2021-1-006
COVID-19, epidemic, measures SLO-2021-1-004, SLO-2021-1-003
COVID-19, epidemic, pandemic FRA-2021-1-001, FRA-2021-1-002, FRA-2021-1-006
COVID-19, pandemic BIH-2021-1-002
COVID-19, pandemic, measures BRA-2021-1-004, BRA-2021-1-009, BRA-2021-1-011, BRA-2021-1-003, BRA-2021-1-006, BRA-2021-1-012, BRA-2021-1-010, BRA-2021-1-005, SLO-2021-1-003, GER-2021-1-009, SLO-2021-1-004
COVID-19, pandemic, measures, extension BRA-2021-1-008
COVID-19, pandemic, night curfew GER-2021-1-009
COVID-19, special legal order BRA-2021-1-009, BRA-2021-1-011, BRA-2021-1-010, BRA-2021-1-001, BRA-2021-1-005, BRA-2021-1-006, BRA-2021-1-003, BRA-2021-1-012, BRA-2021-1-004
Covid-19, vaccination, infectious disease, obligation, policy GRE-2021-1-003
Crime, non-political ECH-2021-1-001
Crime, threat against a public official SWE-2021-1-001
Crime, threat of violence SWE-2021-1-001
Criminal court, person involved in court proceedings, appearance in person FRA-2021-1-001
Criminal procedure, rights, successor MDA-2021-1-008
Criminal proceeding, right to trial by jury USA-2021-1-017
Criminal proceedings, effects in another state ECJ-2021-1-006
Criminal proceedings, guarantees ECJ-2021-1-006
Criminal proceedings, principles ECJ-2021-1-006
Custody, medical treatment BRA-2021-1-004
Damages GER-2021-1-003
Damages, liability CZE-2021-1-003
Data, cellular phone USA-2021-1-005
Data, personal, treatment BLR-2021-1-001
Death penalty, insanity USA-2021-1-016
Death penalty, non-imposition, guarantee USA-2021-1-009
Debt, public GER-2021-1-008
Debtor MDA-2021-1-007
Decapitalisation MDA-2021-1-010
Decentralisation of powers, principles BRA-2021-1-005
Decree MDA-2021-1-006, MDA-2021-1-004
Decree, formal constitutionality, legality CRO-2021-1-005
Decree, substantive constitutionality, legality CRO-2021-1-005
Decriminalisation, administrative offence RUS-2021-1-002
Defence counsel, proceedings, criminal SWE-2021-1-002
Defence interests, national security FRA-2021-1-003
Democracy, core, right, individual GER-2021-1-008
Deprivation of liberty MDA-2021-1-007
Deputies, majority, definition KOS-2021-1-001
Detention arbitrary MDA-2021-1-007
Detention, arbitrary ECH-2021-1-006
Detention, children GBR-2021-1-001
Detention, conditions FRA-2021-1-007
Detention, conditions, inadequate ECH-2021-1-013
Detention, crimes, involuntary, financing, election campaign ALG-2021-1-004
D'Hondt method CZE-2021-1-001
Digital fingerprint BEL-2021-1-001
Dignified minimum existence, guarantee BRA-2021-1-007
Disclosure of confidential information, prevention, criteria MDA-2021-1-002
Discrimination on ground of sex, presumption GBR-2021-1-002
Discrimination, direct ECJ-2021-1-001
Discrimination, elements, unfair, public policy RSA-2021-1-004
Discrimination, gender USA-2021-1-018
Discrimination, gender identity USA-2021-1-018
Discrimination, indirect ECJ-2021-1-001, GRE-2021-1-002
Discrimination, intersectional effects RSA-2021-1-003
Discrimination, salary ECJ-2021-1-001
Discrimination, sex RSA-2021-1-002, USA-2021-1-018
Discrimination, sexual orientation USA-2021-1-018
Disease, infectious BRA-2021-1-004, BRA-2021-1-006, BRA-2021-1-010, BRA-2021-1-005, BRA-2021-1-012
Disease, infectious, measures CRO-2021-1-002, CRO-2021-1-001
Double jeopardy USA-2021-1-010
Due process BRA-2021-1-009
Due process, fundamental elements USA-2021-1-016
Duty to protect, positive obligation ECH-2021-1-007
Ecological minimum standard of living GER-2021-1-004
economic activity, freedom BRA-2021-1-001
Education programme, government, financial assistance USA-2021-1-019
Education, access BRA-2021-1-001
Education, duty BRA-2021-1-001
Education, fee BRA-2021-1-001
Education, freedom BRA-2021-1-013
Education, institution, autonomy BRA-2021-1-013
Education, neutrality BRA-2021-1-013
Effective control ECH-2021-1-006
Effective integration MDA-2021-1-003
Election, administration USA-2021-1-015
Election, ballot, access GER-2021-1-007, GER-2021-1-002
Election, candidacy, nomination, gender GER-2021-1-007, GER-2021-1-002
Election, candidate list GER-2021-1-007, GER-2021-1-002
Election, candidate, gender GER-2021-1-002
Election, constituency, boundaries, voters, number USA-2021-1-015
Election, constitutional requirement USA-2021-1-015
Election, equal representation USA-2021-1-015
Election, equality of votes USA-2021-1-015
Election, fairness KOR-2021-1-004
Election, gerrymandering USA-2021-1-015
Election, law, gender, balance GER-2021-1-002, GER-2021-1-007
Election, parliamentary, electoral association CZE-2021-1-001
Elections, direct LTU-2021-1-003
Elections, legislative, eligibility, voters’ list, results, provisional, final ALG-2021-1-004
Elections, parliamentary, candidate, registration RUS-2021-1-001
Electoral coalition CZE-2021-1-001
Electoral code CZE-2021-1-001
Electoral threshold CZE-2021-1-001
Electricity supply, access, payment BRA-2021-1-011
Electronic tagging GER-2021-1-001
Emergency measure KOR-2021-1-001
Employment contract, cessation USA-2021-1-020
Employment service, financial support, repayment SWE-2021-1-003
Employment, choice, free LTU-2021-1-002
Employment, collective agreement USA-2021-1-008
Employment, disability, discrimination ECJ-2021-1-001
Employment, discrimination USA-2021-1-020
Employment, ecclesiastical law, judicial treatment USA-2021-1-020
Employment, fictitious, allegation ECH-2021-1-008
Employment, start after in vitro fertilisation ECH-2021-1-008
Energy efficiency, building, contract, conclusion criteria, co-owners CRO-2021-1-003
Enforcement proceedings MDA-2021-1-007
Entry, prohibition, discretion USA-2021-1-006
Environment, house search BEL-2021-1-004
Environment, protection, federal jurisdiction, scope CAN-2021-1-001
Equality, gender, legislator, latitude GER-2021-1-007, GER-2021-1-002
Equality, gender, representation, Parliament GER-2021-1-007, GER-2021-1-002
Equality, sexes RSA-2021-1-002
Equality, violation MDA-2021-1-001
Equality, women, men GRE-2021-1-002
Equivalent protection, presumption ECH-2021-1-013
European Arrest Warrant, non-execution, limitations ECJ-2021-1-006
European arrest warrant, surrender ECH-2021-1-013
European Court of Human Rights MDA-2021-1-008
European Court of Human Rights, decision, effects in national law CZE-2021-1-003
European Court of Human Rights, obligation to furnish facilities ECH-2021-1-006
European Union ITA-2021-1-001
European Union act, ultra vires, review GER-2021-1-003, GER-2021-1-008
European Union act, preliminary injunction GER-2021-1-008
European Union, budget GER-2021-1-008
European Union, Council, decision, ratification, Member States GER-2021-1-008
European Union, Court of Justice, preliminary ruling, national court, subsequent decision GER-2021-1-003
European Union, Member States, finances GER-2021-1-008
European Union, Member States, treaty, international GER-2021-1-003
European Union, own resources, borrowing GER-2021-1-008
Evidence SWE-2021-1-002
Evidence, prima facie ECH-2021-1-003
Evidence, admissibility USA-2021-1-005, USA-2021-1-014
Evidence, dismissal SWE-2021-1-002
Evidence, free evaluation, principle SWE-2021-1-002
Evidence, illegally obtained USA-2021-1-014
Evidence, obtained in breach of human rights SWE-2021-1-002
Evidence, value SWE-2021-1-002
Exceptional circumstances FRA-2021-1-006
Exceptions, constitutional review FRA-2021-1-006
Excessive formalism LIE-2021-1-001
Executive order, discretion USA-2021-1-006
Executive power, accountability ESP-2021-1-002, USA-2021-1-021
Executive regulations, statutory authority CZE-2021-1-002
Executive, power, competences, scope BRA-2021-1-010, BRA-2021-1-012
Expectation, legitimate EST-2021-1-002
Expenditure, budgetary MDA-2021-1-005
Expression, political USA-2021-1-002
Extraterritorial jurisdiction ECH-2021-1-003
Failure to fulfil obligations, action, justification Autonomy, secession, unilateral ESP-2021-1-004
Fair balance MDA-2021-1-003
Fair trial SWE-2021-1-002
Fair trial, appeal, right ALG-2021-1-003, ALG-2021-1-002
Family reunion, right SUI-2021-1-001
Federal government, power, national concern, peace, order and good government CAN-2021-1-001
Felony, aggravated, deportation USA-2021-1-001
Fine, derisory ECH-2021-1-004
Food, constitutional right of access RSA-2021-1-003
Foreign policy, government, margin of appreciation GER-2021-1-008
Foreigner, entry, admission, discretion USA-2021-1-006
Free access to justice MDA-2021-1-008
Freedom of action, general GER-2021-1-003
Freedom of expression, artistic USA-2021-1-011
Freedom of expression, collective USA-2021-1-011
Freedom of expression, context, cultural SWE-2021-1-001
Freedom of expression, context, political SLO-2021-1-002
Freedom of expression, freedom to receive information BRA-2021-1-002
Freedom of media BRA-2021-1-002
Freedom of press BRA-2021-1-002
Freedom of testation, testator, intention, paramount RSA-2021-1-004
Freedom, intertemporal guarantees GER-2021-1-004
Fundamental right, protection BRA-2021-1-010
Gender stereotyping ECH-2021-1-008
Gender, balance GER-2021-1-007, GER-2021-1-002
Gender, parity GER-2021-1-007, GER-2021-1-002
Geneva Convention, 1951 ECH-2021-1-001
Gerrymandering, partisan, justiciability USA-2021-1-015
Gerrymandering, population inequality between districts USA-2021-1-015
Gerrymanding, racial USA-2021-1-015
Government bonds, abrogation MDA-2021-1-010
Government, decree, authority, exceeding CRO-2021-1-005
Government, investiture MDA-2021-1-009
Greenhouse gas, pollution, pricing CAN-2021-1-001
Guilt, admission, rejection, right USA-2021-1-003
Guilty plea, not made in full awareness of facts ECH-2021-1-010
Hate crime ECH-2021-1-004
Hate motive, with homophobic overtones ECH-2021-1-004
Head of State, statement, proof ECH-2021-1-003
Health protection, system USA-2021-1-007
Health, emergency BRA-2021-1-003, BRA-2021-1-008, BRA-2021-1-009, BRA-2021-1-001, BRA-2021-1-011
Health, insurance, liberalisation GER-2021-1-003
Health, insurance, provider, private GER-2021-1-003
Health, protection, effective BRA-2021-1-012, BRA-2021-1-010, BRA-2021-1-004, BRA-2021-1-006
Health, public health BRA-2021-1-010
Health, public health, public interest BRA-2021-1-005, BRA-2021-1-004, BRA-2021-1-012, BRA-2021-1-006
Health, public, protection GRE-2021-1-003
Healthcare providers, information, obligation USA-2021-1-007
Healthcare, constitutional right of access RSA-2021-1-003
Home arrests BRA-2021-1-004
Honour, respect, right BRA-2021-1-002
House search, environmental officer BEL-2021-1-004
Human right, violation MDA-2021-1-008
Hunting right, Indigenous people CAN-2021-1-002
Identity card, biometric data, storage BEL-2021-1-001
ILO, Convention no. 181 BIH-2021-1-001
Immediate summary proceedings FRA-2021-1-004
Immigration, regulation, discretion USA-2021-1-006
In vitro fertilisation, employment, discrimination ECH-2021-1-008
Independence, judges EST-2021-1-002, ECJ-2021-1-003, ECJ-2021-1-005
Independence, territory ESP-2021-1-005, ESP-2021-1-004
Indexing, names, digital newspaper archives ESP-2021-1-001
Indigenous people, rights, definition, scope CAN-2021-1-002
Information, access AUT-2021-1-001, MDA-2021-1-002
Information, accurate, requirement BRA-2021-1-006
Information, digital USA-2021-1-005
Information, disclosure by the federal government BRA-2021-1-006
Information, obligation RUS-2021-1-001
Information, principle of maximum disclosure BRA-2021-1-006
Inheritance, mandatory share AZE-2021-1-001
Inheritance, will RSA-2021-1-002
Intellectual property, right ECJ-2021-1-004
Intelligence sharing, supervision RSA-2021-1-001
Intention, public official KOR-2021-1-001
Interception, invasion of privacy, damage, proportionality ECJ-2021-1-002
Interest, national MDA-2021-1-002
Interethnic communication, language MDA-2021-1-003
Interference with liberty, compensation, right ROM-2021-1-002
International agreement, constitutional requirement, parliamentary approval NOR-2021-1-002
International humanitarian law ECH-2021-1-009
Interview, video-recording ECH-2021-1-007
Investigation, covert, proportionate use ECH-2021-1-007
Investigation, effective ECH-2021-1-014, ECH-2021-1-006, ECH-2021-1-007
Investigation, effective, positive obligation ECH-2021-1-010
Investigation, effective, remedy ECH-2021-1-009
Investment, international, dispute, settlement, procedure GER-2021-1-003
Investment, international, profit, distribution GER-2021-1-003
Investment, international, protection GER-2021-1-003
Investment, treaty, bilateral GER-2021-1-003
Journalist, politician, defamation SLO-2021-1-002
Journalist, public watchdog AUT-2021-1-001
Journalist, rights, duties SLO-2021-1-002
Journalists, access to information AUT-2021-1-001
Judge, appointment, executive ECJ-2021-1-003, ECJ-2021-1-005
Judge, aptitude ESP-2021-1-003
Judge, evaluation ESP-2021-1-003
Judge, reappointment ESP-2021-1-003
Judges, appointment, power of proposal ECJ-2021-1-003, ECJ-2021-1-005
Judicial proceedings, suspension USA-2021-1-021
Judicial review FRA-2021-1-002
Judicial, protection, refusal UKR-2021-1-002
Jury, trial USA-2021-1-017
Jury, verdict USA-2021-1-017
Labour relations USA-2021-1-008
Labour, law BIH-2021-1-001
Language, official, teaching ECH-2021-1-002
Language, teaching ECH-2021-1-002
Lanzarote Convention ECH-2021-1-007
Law, application, incorrect BIH-2021-1-001
Legal provisions, suspension GER-2021-1-009
Legal service, access KOR-2021-1-002
Legislative bodies, powers, budgetary GER-2021-1-008
Legislative competence, limits GER-2021-1-005
Legislative process, digital BRA-2021-1-009
Legitimate aim, violation MDA-2021-1-001
Legitimate interest AUT-2021-1-001, MDA-2021-1-008
Length of proceedings, objective circumstances CZE-2021-1-003
Lethal force, use, legality ECH-2021-1-009
Liability, state, pecuniary CZE-2021-1-003
Liability, state, principle CZE-2021-1-003
Linguistic rights MDA-2021-1-003
Local self-government, waste management CRO-2021-1-005
Locus standi MEX-2021-1-002
Marriage, same-sex USA-2021-1-004
Maternity, protection USA-2021-1-007
Maternity, work presence ECH-2021-1-008
Mayor, municipal LTU-2021-1-003
Measure, arbitrary CZE-2021-1-002
Media, broadcasting, public company USA-2021-1-011
Media, cable television USA-2021-1-011
Media, diligence, duty, professional SLO-2021-1-002
Media, freedom of expression USA-2021-1-011
Media, freedom of expression, limits MEX-2021-1-001
Media, journalist, sources, protection RSA-2021-1-001
Media, local television, legal system USA-2021-1-011
Media, television USA-2021-1-011
Medicine, prescription, mobile unit MDA-2021-1-005
Member of Parliament, public office, private life AUT-2021-1-001
Member, Assembly, mandate, loss KOS-2021-1-001
Member, municipal council, reinstatement MEX-2021-1-002
Member, municipal council, removal from office, licence MEX-2021-1-002
Memorial, cross, maintenance, public funds USA-2021-1-012
Military presence ECH-2021-1-003
Military presence, increase ECH-2021-1-003
Military service, evasion KOR-2021-1-005
Military service, obligation KOR-2021-1-005
Minister of Defence, statement, proof ECH-2021-1-003
Minister, ministerial exception USA-2021-1-020
Minor, trafficked, victim, prosecution ECH-2021-1-010
Minority, ethnic, language MDA-2021-1-003
Mobile communication networks, safety FRA-2021-1-003
Municipal Councillor, political right MEX-2021-1-002
Municipality, competence BRA-2021-1-005
Nation, integrity ESP-2021-1-004, ESP-2021-1-005
National Bank of Moldova MDA-2021-1-010
National security, protection USA-2021-1-006
Nationality by birth KOR-2021-1-005
Nationality, dual KOR-2021-1-005
Nationality, multiple KOR-2021-1-005
Nationality, renunciation KOR-2021-1-005
Negligence, public official KOR-2021-1-001
Non-governmental legal person of public law, power, delegation ARG-2021-1-001
Occupation, profession, practice, prohibition GRE-2021-1-001
Offence, Administrative LTU-2021-1-001
Offence, criminal, member, Assembly KOS-2021-1-001
Omission, legislative MDA-2021-1-008
Orphanage, child, interview ECH-2021-1-007
Outgoing government, supervision ESP-2021-1-002
Ownership, obligations, common good CRO-2021-1-003
Pandemic, COVID-19, social and economic effects, recovery instrument GER-2021-1-008
Parliament, budget, powers GER-2021-1-008
Parliament, budgetary autonomy GER-2021-1-008
Parliament, dissolution, circumstances MDA-2021-1-009
Parliament, powers, President of the Supreme Court, appointment, substantive requirement CRO-2021-1-004
Parliament, Senate, regulation ESP-2021-1-002
Parliamentary business, continuity FRA-2021-1-006
Parliamentary majority MDA-2021-1-009
Parliamentary majority, absolute, formalised MDA-2021-1-004, MDA-2021-1-006
Parole EST-2021-1-001
Parole, conditional EST-2021-1-001
Parties, interest, financial GER-2021-1-003
Pension, expectation, legitimate EST-2021-1-002
Pension, judge EST-2021-1-002
Pension, provision, amount, changes UKR-2021-1-001
Pension, reform EST-2021-1-002
Pension, survivor’s EST-2021-1-002
Persecution, real risk ECH-2021-1-013
Personal data, admissibility, criminal trial ECJ-2021-1-002
Personal data, protection ECJ-2021-1-002
Personal data, retention BEL-2021-1-003
Personal information, right to self-determination KOR-2021-1-002
Plant protection products, use FRA-2021-1-005
Police officer, death, contribution by officials ECH-2021-1-014
Police, law on police EST-2021-1-003
Police, officer, dismissal EST-2021-1-003
Political apparel, prohibition USA-2021-1-002
Political competition, opportunities, equal GER-2021-1-002, GER-2021-1-007
Political party, defamation SLO-2021-1-002
Political party, reputation, protection of SLO-2021-1-002
Political will, formation GER-2021-1-002, GER-2021-1-007
Politician, hate speech, vehement ECH-2021-1-011
Polling station, political apparel, prohibition USA-2021-1-002
Poverty, visibility ECH-2021-1-005
Preliminary injunction, act of approval, ratification, GER-2021-1-008
Preliminary injunction, application, admissibility, standing GER-2021-1-003
Preliminary injunction, ratification, treaty GER-2021-1-003
President of the State, powers, candidate for presidency of Supreme Court, nomination CRO-2021-1-004
Presidential election ALG-2021-1-001
Pre-trial detention, reasonableness ECH-2021-1-012
Prime minister, candidate, appointment MDA-2021-1-004, MDA-2021-1-006
Prisoner of war, torture ECH-2021-1-006
Prisoner, employment BRA-2021-1-007
Prisoner, minimum wage BRA-2021-1-007
Prisoner, state of health BRA-2021-1-004
Privacy, right MDA-2021-1-001
Privacy, Right to be forgotten BRA-2021-1-002
Private life, right GRE-2021-1-001
Probate, dispute AZE-2021-1-002
Propaganda, electoral prohibition MEX-2021-1-001
Prostitution, procurement POR-2021-1-002
Protection of human health and life CRO-2021-1-002
Protection of the existent health system BIH-2021-1-002
Protection, data, privacy, violation, consent BLR-2021-1-001
Protection, rights, freedoms, dignity MDA-2021-1-002
Provisional Measure BRA-2021-1-006
Public Bar Association of the Federal Capital ARG-2021-1-001
Public finances, liabilities, risk assessment GER-2021-1-008
Public health CRO-2021-1-002, CRO-2021-1-001
Public safety, public order ALG-2021-1-001
Public service, privatisation USA-2021-1-011
Punishment, capital USA-2021-1-016, USA-2021-1-009
Punishment, capital, proportionality USA-2021-1-016
Punishment, cruel and unusual USA-2021-1-009
Punishment, excessive USA-2021-1-016, USA-2021-1-010
Racial hatred ECH-2021-1-011
Real estate, lease, limitations GER-2021-1-005
Reasoning, timing, judicial deliberation, lack ROM-2021-1-003
Recidivism, prevention GER-2021-1-001
Recovery instrument GER-2021-1-008
Reduction, greenhouse gas GER-2021-1-004
Referral, minor BEL-2021-1-002
Refugee, definition ECH-2021-1-001
Refugee, extradition ECH-2021-1-001
Refugee, status ECH-2021-1-013
Regulation, emergency measure CZE-2021-1-002
Rehabilitation, victim, political repression MDA-2021-1-001
Reimbursement, lawyer, fee LTU-2021-1-001
Reintegration, status as a fundamental right GER-2021-1-001
Release, conditional EST-2021-1-001
Religion, ceremonies, limited number of attending persons CRO-2021-1-001
Religion, ceremonies, restriction due to infectious disease epidemic CRO-2021-1-001
Religion, church, sovereignty USA-2021-1-020
Religion, church, state funding, discrimination USA-2021-1-019
Religion, encouragement by the state USA-2021-1-012
Religion, event, authorisation BRA-2021-1-012
Religion, neutrality of the state USA-2021-1-004
Religion, organisation, autonomy, limit BRA-2021-1-012
Religion, state, neutrality USA-2021-1-012
Religious community, self-determination USA-2021-1-020
Religious symbol, secular significance USA-2021-1-012
Rent, pricing, regulation GER-2021-1-005
Rent, regulated GER-2021-1-005
Requirement for the Action of the Legislator ITA-2021-1-003
Requirement, citizenship LTU-2021-1-003
Requirement, suffrage, equal LTU-2021-1-003
Res judicata, non-compliance, Criminal court ROM-2021-1-001
Responsibility, authority BRA-2021-1-004, BRA-2021-1-012
Responsibility, constitutional BRA-2021-1-004
Restriction, regulation, absence GRE-2021-1-001
Retaliatory prosecution, anti-government demonstrations ECH-2021-1-012
Revenues, budgetary MDA-2021-1-005
Right of public participation FRA-2021-1-005
Right to a fair trial MDA-2021-1-008
Right to a future in accordance with human dignity GER-2021-1-004
Right to be forgotten ESP-2021-1-001
Right to effective judicial remedy FRA-2021-1-007
Right to information, truth BRA-2021-1-002
Right to inherit AZE-2021-1-001
Right to life, scope USA-2021-1-009
Right to personal freedom MDA-2021-1-007
Right to remain silent BEL-2021-1-002, FRA-2021-1-004
Right, advocate LTU-2021-1-001
Right, application, court LTU-2021-1-001
Rights of prisoners FRA-2021-1-002
Rights of prisoners, imprisonment, conditions FRA-2021-1-007
Rights, procedural, abuse UKR-2021-1-002
Roma, discrimination ECH-2021-1-011
Rule requiring offences and punishments to be strictly defined by law, criminal BEL-2021-1-002
Safeguarding against the risks of espionage, piracy and sabotage FRA-2021-1-003
Same-sex couples ITA-2021-1-003
SARS-COV-2 SLO-2021-1-004, SLO-2021-1-003
Schengen Borders Code GER-2021-1-006
School, religion teachers USA-2021-1-020
School, religious USA-2021-1-019, USA-2021-1-020
Search, conditions BEL-2021-1-004
Search, examining judge BEL-2021-1-004
Search, grounds BEL-2021-1-004
Search, law enforcement USA-2021-1-005
Search, warrantless, emergency situation USA-2021-1-014
Secret surveillance, measure RSA-2021-1-001
Secularism, education, public BRA-2021-1-013
Self-determination, democratic, right GER-2021-1-008
Sexual abuse ECH-2021-1-007
Slander, election process, media MEX-2021-1-001
Social assistance, right, protection MDA-2021-1-001
Social media, statements, offensive ESP-2021-1-007
Solitary confinement GBR-2021-1-001
Sovereignty, dual USA-2021-1-010
Speech, content based USA-2021-1-007
Speech, political USA-2021-1-002
Speech, professional USA-2021-1-007
Standing, inherent rights, non-transferrable, complainant, deceased KOR-2021-1-003
Stare decisis, socio-political reality, change USA-2021-1-008
Stare decisis, overruling USA-2021-1-008
State Judicial Council, powers, appointment, President of the Supreme Court, administrative role CRO-2021-1-004
State Service, entry, terms, LTU-2021-1-002
State, duty, protection against an infectious disease CRO-2021-1-001, CRO-2021-1-002
State, duty, protection of life and security BRA-2021-1-010, BRA-2021-1-012, BRA-2021-1-006, BRA-2021-1-005, BRA-2021-1-004
State, financial interests ECH-2021-1-008
Statement, discriminatory, threshold of severity ECH-2021-1-011
Statutory vagueness USA-2021-1-001
Subpoena, issuance USA-2021-1-021
Succession, law RSA-2021-1-002
Succession, will, freedom to make RSA-2021-1-002
Sunset clause, treaty, bilateral GER-2021-1-003
Supreme Court, President, appointment, candidate, nomination CRO-2021-1-004
Supreme Court, President, appointment, procedure CRO-2021-1-004
Tax credit, children, limit GBR-2021-1-002
Tax deduction ITA-2021-1-002
Tax, limits placed by the Legislators on the deductibility of costs ITA-2021-1-002
Tax, municipal ITA-2021-1-002
Tax, municipal, non-deductible from amounts liable to tax on business income ITA-2021-1-002
Taxation, legislative discretion ITA-2021-1-002
Teacher, additional training, offer ECH-2021-1-002
Teacher, dismissal ECH-2021-1-002
Teacher, inspection ECH-2021-1-002
Terms, character, good LTU-2021-1-002
Terms, reputation LTU-2021-1-002
Terms, State loyalty LTU-2021-1-002
Territory, administrative practice ECH-2021-1-003
Territory, annexation ECH-2021-1-003
Territory, effective control ECH-2021-1-003
Territory, jurisdiction ECH-2021-1-003
Territory, self-government BRA-2021-1-005
Territory, tribunal established by law ECH-2021-1-003
Terrorism, incitement ESP-2021-1-007
Terrorism, intent ESP-2021-1-007
Terrorism, offence, legal definition ESP-2021-1-007
Terrorism, public support ESP-2021-1-007
Trade union, fee deduction, obligation USA-2021-1-008
Trade union, membership USA-2021-1-008
Trademark, registration, immoral, prohibition USA-2021-1-013
Transgender persons, binary system ESP-2021-1-006
Treatment, discriminatory MDA-2021-1-001
Treaty, international, act of approval, domestic GER-2021-1-003
Treaty, international, entry into force GER-2021-1-003
Treaty, international, ratification GER-2021-1-003
Trust, interpretation RSA-2021-1-004
Unanimity, requirement USA-2021-1-017
Union, right to bargain collectively USA-2021-1-008
Unlawful act, state KOR-2021-1-001
Utility services, waste management, incentive fees, calculation CRO-2021-1-005
Vaccination policies, competence distribution BRA-2021-1-005
Vaccination, compulsory BRA-2021-1-005
Vaccination, infectious disease, obligatory BRA-2021-1-005
Victim, direct MDA-2021-1-008
Victim, indirect MDA-2021-1-008
Victim, self-identification ECH-2021-1-010
Viewpoint discrimination USA-2021-1-013
Violence, domestic RUS-2021-1-002
Violence, homophobic overtones ECH-2021-1-004
Vote, relative weight CZE-2021-1-001
Voting assistant, non-family, two KOR-2021-1-004
Voting right, physical disability KOR-2021-1-004
Wage, discrimination BRA-2021-1-007
Wage, minimum BRA-2021-1-007
Warrant requirement, exception, emergency situation USA-2021-1-014
Warrant, judicial USA-2021-1-005
Warrant, search, validity USA-2021-1-014
Water cannon, straight jet, police KOR-2021-1-003
Water, constitutional right of access RSA-2021-1-003
Will, discriminatory RSA-2021-1-002
Woman, pregnant, employment-related benefit, refusal ECH-2021-1-008
Women, representation, political GER-2021-1-007, GER-2021-1-002
Work remuneration BRA-2021-1-007
Work, assignment BIH-2021-1-001
Xenophobia ECH-2021-1-011
Youth court, best interests of the child BEL-2021-1-002

Ed. 20.10.2021 11:40:34