e-Bulletin on Constitutional Case-Law
2022/1

The electronic Bulletin on Constitutional Case-Law ("e-Bulletin") is produced by the European Commission for Democracy through Law, better known as the Venice Commission. The e-Bulletin regularly reports on the case-law of constitutional courts and courts with equivalent jurisdiction in Europe and beyond, including case-law of the European Court of Human Rights, the Court of Justice of the European Union and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. The e-Bulletin is sent to liaison officers and to subscribers by e-mail three times a year, each mailing reports on the most important case-law gathered during a four-month period.

The e-Bulletin’s aim is to allow judges and constitutional law specialists to be informed quickly about the most important judgments rendered in the field of constitutional justice. The exchange of information and ideas among courts in different countries with similar or different legal traditions, in the field of judge-made law, is of vital importance. Such an exchange of information and such cooperation, we hope, will not only benefit the newly established constitutional courts, but will also enrich the case-law of longer established courts. The main purpose of the e-Bulletin on Constitutional Case-Law is to foster an exchange of information and ideas and to assist national judges in solving difficult questions of law, which often arise simultaneously in courts of different countries.

If you wish to receive the e-Bulletin, please subscribe at the page https://www.venice.coe.int/files/bulletin/eBulletin-subscription.html.

The Venice Commission is grateful to the liaison officers of constitutional and equivalent courts, who regularly prepare the contributions, reproduced in the Bulletin with links to our database CODICES. As such, the summaries of decisions and opinions in the Bulletin do not constitute an official record of court decisions and should not be considered as offering or purporting to offer an authoritative interpretation of the law.

The Venice Commission would like to thank the International Organisation of the Francophonie for their support in ensuring that contributions from its member, associate and observer states can be translated into French.

T. Van Dijk
Legal Officer, Division III
European Commission for Democracy through Law (“Venice Commission”)
November 2022

A. List of précis by country

B. Systematic Thesaurus

C. Alphabetical Index

A. List of précis by country
Argentina Austria Azerbaijan Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Council of Europe Croatia
Czech Republic European Union Finland France
Germany Italy Korea, Republic of Kosovo
Latvia Liechtenstein Mexico Moldova, Republic of
Montenegro Norway Portugal North Macedonia
Serbia Slovakia Slovenia South Africa
Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom
United States of America

ARGENTINA

ARG-2022-1-001 a) Argentina / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 03.03.2022 / e) / f) Alberto Rivero and others v. sexual abuse – Article 119.3 y violation according toArticle.4.3 /
Section 7 of the Belém do Pará Convention and the Supreme Court’s Góngora decision require to act with due diligence to prevent, investigate, punish and eradicate violence against women. Decisions regarding charges with the crimes of reiterated gravely outrageous sexual assault and gravely outrageous sexual assault with sexual penetration must be based on an appropriate assessment of the... Read more
2.1.1.4.12 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women of 1979.
2.3.1 Sources - Techniques of review - Concept of manifest error in assessing evidence or exercising discretion.
3.22 General Principles - Prohibition of arbitrariness.
5.2.2.1 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Gender.
5.3.4 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to physical and psychological integrity.
5.3.12 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Security of the person.
5.3.13.17 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Rules of evidence.
Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence against Women "Convention Belem do Pará" / Argentine Law of Comprehensive Protection for Women (no. 26.405) / Sexual assault, testimony, victim’s qualification of facts, vocabulary, legal definition / Testimony, credibility / Rape, consent, power dynamics, stigma, trauma.

AUSTRIA

AUT-2022-1-001 a) Austria / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 08.03.2022 / e) E 3120/2021 / f) /
In the absence of clear evidence of a threat of violence or serious disturbance, the fact that the symbol of a terrorist organisation (the flag of the PKK) is prohibited by law cannot automatically justify a prohibition on holding a gathering at which that symbol would be displayed.
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
3.17 General Principles - Weighing of interests.
5.3.21 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
5.3.28 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of assembly.
Demonstration, ban / Public order, threat / Terrorist organisation, symbols, ban.

AZERBAIJAN

AZE-2022-1-001 a) Azerbaijan / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenum / d) 24.02.2022 / e) / f) Interpretation of Article 183.2 of the Code on Execution of Punishments in conjunction with Articles 142.1, 383.1, 408.3 of the Criminal Procedure Code and Article 82.4 of the Civil Procedure Code /
Persons not involved in criminal proceedings and whose interests are concerned by a decision of a Court may be involved in criminal proceedings as a third party in cases where their rights and legally protected interests are significantly violated.
1.2.3 Constitutional Justice - Types of claim - Referral by a court.
2.1.1.1.1 Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules - Constitution.
2.1.1.4.4 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - European Convention on Human Rights of 1950.
3.10 General Principles - Certainty of the law.
5.3.13.1.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Criminal proceedings.
5.3.13.7 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right to participate in the administration of justice.
Confiscation, property / Proceedings, criminal.

AZE-2022-1-002 a) Azerbaijan / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenum / d) 09.03.2022 / e) / f) On interpretation of some provisions of the Note part of Article 263 of the Criminal Code and Article 38 of the Code of Administrative Offenses /
Release from criminal liability does not lead to a violation of the principle of non-bis in idem, since this principle cannot be imposed twice for the same violation of the law.
1.2.3 Constitutional Justice - Types of claim - Referral by a court.
2.1.1.1.1 Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules - Constitution.
2.1.1.4.4 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - European Convention on Human Rights of 1950.
5.3.14 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Ne bis in idem.
Principle, ne-bis in idem, proportionality.

BELGIUM

BEL-2022-1-001 a) Belgium / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 10.02.2022 / e) 23/2022 / f) /
A law that does not require that documents by which bailiffs notify decisions of civil courts to parties in disputes that they have ruled on to mention the appeals that the parties can lodge against such decisions, the time limits to be met to that end or the name and address of the courts with jurisdiction to hear the appeals violates the right to a fair trial.
5.3.13.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.
Civil proceedings / Court rulings, notification / Bailiff / Means of appeal, obligation to inform recipients.

BEL-2022-1-002 a) Belgium / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 17.02.2022 / e) 26/2022 / f) /
The obligation, for physicians who refuse to carry out euthanasia, to refer patients or designated representatives to bodies specialised in the right to euthanasia does not violate physicians’ freedom of conscience. The statements by which individuals indicate that they wish to have euthanasia performed if they are no longer able to express their wishes may remain valid for indefinite periods,... Read more
5.1.3 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Positive obligation of the state.
5.3.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to life.
5.3.18 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of conscience.
5.3.32 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
The state, duty to protect life / Right to life / Right to die / Private life, principle of self-determination / Euthanasia, advance statement / Freedom of conscience, physician.

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

BIH-2022-1-001 a) Bosnia and Herzegovina / b) Constitutional Court / c) Chamber / d) 08.09.2021 / e) AP 3166/20 / f) /
Substantive law norms must be formulated with sufficient precision to enable persons to harmonise their behaviour with those norms.
3.12 General Principles - Clarity and precision of legal provisions.
5.3.13 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial.
COVID-19, pandemic / COVID-19, prohibition of movement / Misdemeanour proceedings.

BIH-2022-1-002 a) Bosnia and Herzegovina / b) Constitutional Court / c) Grand Chamber / d) 05.10.2021 / e) AP 3040/21 / f) /
The refusal to allow the full adoption of a child that has previously been adopted through incomplete adoption violates the right to family life.
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
3.17 General Principles - Weighing of interests.
5.3.32 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
5.3.33 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life.
5.3.33.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life - Succession.
Adoption / Adoption, age limit / Child, best interests.

BULGARIA

BUL-2022-1-001 a) Bulgaria / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 08.02.2022 / e) 1/22 / f) /
The power to propose release from office of judges, prosecutors and investigating magistrates under Article 130c of the Constitution includes the opportunity for the Minister of Justice to propose to the Supreme Council of the Judiciary the pre-term release from the office of the President of the Supreme Court of Cassation, the President of the Supreme Administrative Court and the Prosecutor... Read more
3.4 General Principles - Separation of powers.
3.9 General Principles - Rule of law.
4.6.2 Institutions - Executive bodies - Powers.
4.7.4.1.5 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members - End of office.
4.7.4.1.6.2 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members - Status - Discipline.
Accountability / Independence of the judiciary / Minister of Justice, powers, removal from office of heads of the judiciary / Supreme Court, president, removal / Attorney General, removal / Judge, irremovability.

BUL-2022-1-002 a) Bulgaria / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 17.02.2022 / e) 2/22 / f) /
In the modern law-making process, the regulation of legal relationships arising from an amendment to a statute – such as the legal relations resulting from the transformation of the Protection Bureau and its transfer from one structure of a public authority to another – is an obligation of the legislator and an essential feature of the rule of law. In the case of structural changes, the guiding... Read more
3.4 General Principles - Separation of powers.
3.9 General Principles - Rule of law.
4.5.7 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Relations with the executive bodies.
4.5.8 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Relations with judicial bodies.
Property, transfer, reform, institutional / Independence of the judiciary.

BUL-2022-1-003 a) Bulgaria / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 24.02.2022 / e) 3/22 / f) /
All legal subjects, including the State and municipalities, are equal in the exercise of private property. Private State and municipal property should not be regarded as public property. The legislator's aim to preserve property owned by the State and municipalities is a legitimate legislative objective. As such, it may lead to temporary restrictions on the property rights of other persons. The... Read more
3.11 General Principles - Vested and/or acquired rights.
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
3.21 General Principles - Equality.
4.10.1 Institutions - Public finances - Principles.
5.1.1.5.1 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Legal persons - Private law.
5.1.4 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Limits and restrictions.
5.3.39.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to property - Other limitations.
Moratorium, acquisition prescription, private property, public bodies.

BUL-2022-1-004 a) Bulgaria / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 19.04.2022 / e) 4/22 / f) /
Article 68a.1 of the Social Insurance Code, providing for the possibility for persons who have reached the required years of service for retirement to retire earlier than the general retirement age at their own request and for the pension to be paid at a reduced rate for life does not infringe the principle of equality of citizens before the law. Social justice, security and solidarity can only... Read more
3.5 General Principles - Social State.
3.9 General Principles - Rule of law.
3.21 General Principles - Equality.
5.2.1.3 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Social security.
5.2.2.7 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Age.
5.4.16 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to a pension.
Early retirement, intergenerational contract / Early retirement, choice, reduced pension.

COUNCIL OF EUROPE

ECH-2022-1-001 a) Council of Europe / b) European Court of Human Rights / c) Section II / d) 14.12.2021 / e) 66828/16, 68492/16, 68886/16 et al. / f) Baris and Others v. Turkey (dec.) /
Strike action is, in principle, protected by Article 11 ECHR only in so far as it is initiated by trade-union organisations and considered as being effectively – and not merely presumed to be – part of trade-union activity.
5.3.27 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of association.
5.4.10 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to strike.
5.4.11 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Freedom of trade unions.
Collective bargaining agreement, trade union, employer / Employees, industrial action, no authorisation, dismissal.

ECH-2022-1-002 a) Council of Europe / b) European Court of Human Rights / c) Section III / d) 15.03.2022 / e) 2840/10 / f) Memo v. Russia /
The interests of a body of the executive vested with State powers in maintaining a good reputation essentially differed from both the right to reputation of natural persons and the reputational interests of legal entities, private or public, that competed in the marketplace. The last relied on their good reputation to attract customers, with a view to making a profit, while the first existed to... Read more
5.3.21 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
5.3.23 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights in respect of the audiovisual media and other means of mass communication.
5.3.31 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to respect for one's honour and reputation.
Internet media outlet, civil defamation, article, publication, criticising actions of the administration.

ECH-2022-1-003 a) Council of Europe / b) European Court of Human Rights / c) Grand Chamber / d) 15.03.2022 / e) 43572/18 / f) Grzeda v. Poland [GC] /
The fact that the a term of office had been terminated ex lege on the date of election of new members of the National Council of the Judiciary (hereinafter, "NCJ") could not be regarded as removing, retrospectively, the arguability of the right that the member could claim under the rules in force at the time of his election.
4.7.4.1.4 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members - Term of office.
5.3.13.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.
Premature termination of position, ex lege, after judicial reform.

ECH-2022-1-004 a) Council of Europe / b) European Court of Human Rights / c) Section V / d) 24.03.2022 / e) 29775/18 and 29693/19 / f) C.E. and Others v. France /
There existed legal instruments in France enabling the relationship between a child and an adult to be recognised. In addition, since the publication of the bioethics Act of 2021, female couples who had had recourse to assisted reproductive technology abroad before 4 August 2021 had the possibility, for a three-year period, of jointly recognising a child who had a legal parent-child relationship... Read more
5.1.3 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Positive obligation of the state.
5.3.32 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
5.3.33 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life.
De facto family life, adult(s)-children, absence of biological ties or recognised legal ties.

CROATIA

CRO-2022-1-001 a) Croatia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 12.02.2022 / e) U-I-6950/2021 / f) /
The non-controllability in abstracto, by the Constitutional court, of binding legal opinions on issues relating to the application of the law is indisputable. Such legal opinions are taken at a session of all judges or by a judicial department of the Supreme Court and of all high and county courts. They are compulsory for all second instance panels or individual judges of that department... Read more
2.1.3.1 Sources - Categories - Case-law - Domestic case-law.
3.4 General Principles - Separation of powers.
3.13 General Principles - Legality.
5.2 Fundamental Rights - Equality.
5.3.13 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial.
5.3.13.14 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Independence.
Interpretation, uniform / Legal opinion, uniform interpretation of law, national court, session of judges / Sources of law, legal opinions, compulsory / Unification of jurisprudence, legislative model.

CRO-2022-1-002 a) Croatia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 15.02.2022 / e) U-III-3931/2019 at al. / f) /
There is no equality between suspension of enforcement determined by a ruling of an ordinary court and suspension determined by the Constitutional Court, even in the case where both suspensions are based on the same reasons. Following the failure to act of the Financial Agency pursuant to a ruling of the Constitutional Court on the suspension of enforcement, the Constitutional Court, pursuant to... Read more
1.1.2.4 Constitutional Justice - Constitutional jurisdiction - Composition, recruitment and structure - Appointment of members.
1.6.6.1 Constitutional Justice - Effects - Execution - Body responsible for supervising execution.
1.6.9.1 Constitutional Justice - Effects - Consequences for other cases - Ongoing cases.
5.2.1.2 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Employment.
5.3.13.13 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Trial/decision within reasonable time.
5.4.3 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to work.
Constitutional Court / Interim measure, execution / Interim measure, suspension of enforcement.

CRO-2022-1-003 a) Croatia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 15.02.2022 / e) U-II-6951/2021 / f) /
The Constitutional Court does not have jurisdiction to review the conformity with the Constitution and law of the challenged legal opinion on the application of a particular legal provision, expressed by the Civil Division's Session of the Supreme Court, on the basis of Article 40 of the Courts Act, because that opinion does not constitute "other regulation" within the meaning of Article 125.2 of... Read more
1.3.2.2 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Type of review - Abstract / concrete review.
1.3.5.12 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Court decisions.
Constitutional Court, jurisdiction / Abstract review, limit / Interpretation, judicial, Supreme Court, Civil Division.

CZECH REPUBLIC

CZE-2022-1-001 a) Czech Republic / b) Constitutional Court / c) Senate / d) 15.02.2022 / e) IV. ÚS 2773/20 / f) Use of the method of scent identification in criminal proceedings /
Scent identification is circumstantial evidence. As stand-alone evidence, it is incapable of proving guilt on the part of a defendant. Scent identification must be carried out in compliance with the minimum requirements laid down by the legislation and relevant case law and must reflect the latest findings of scientific research into this field. When general courts fail to respect the above... Read more
5.3.13 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial.
5.3.13.17 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Rules of evidence.
5.3.13.22 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Presumption of innocence.
Sample, odour, evidentiary value / Evidence, prosecution, adequacy / Evidence, circumstantial / Proof, standard.

CZE-2022-1-002 a) Czech Republic / b) Constitutional Court / c) Senate / d) 22.03.2022 / e) Pl. ÚS 7/18 / f) Collection and retention of DNA samples /
A provision of the Police Act enabling the DNA profiling of a person accused of or merely suspected of having committed a deliberate criminal offence is not unconstitutional. The collection of samples for the purposes of DNA profiling does represent a lawful interference with the right to respect for private life. However, the provision barely complies with the requirement of clarity and... Read more
3.12 General Principles - Clarity and precision of legal provisions.
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
5.3.12 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Security of the person.
5.3.13 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial.
5.3.13.23.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right to remain silent - Right not to incriminate oneself.
5.3.32 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
5.3.32.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life - Protection of personal data.
DNA analysis, destruction of results / Criminal proceedings, investigation, inviolability of the body, right.

CZE-2022-1-003 a) Czech Republic / b) Constitutional Court / c) Senate / d) 22.03.2022 / e) III. ÚS 3006/21 / f) Protection of human dignity and private life of the victim of serious hate speech by means of criminal law /
I. Under the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights, the right to an effective investigation is associated with the right to protection of private and family life within the meaning of Article 8 of the Convention in the case of particularly serious interference with the personal integrity of the victim. Criminal sanctions, which also address serious hate speech or incitement to violence,... Read more
4.7.8.2 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Ordinary courts - Criminal courts.
5.3.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to dignity.
5.3.15 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights of victims of crime.
5.3.21 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
5.3.32 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
Extremist crimes, hate speech, criminal proceedings.

EUROPEAN UNION

ECJ-2022-1-001 a) European Union / b) Court of Justice of the European Union / c) Grand Chamber / d) 18.01.2022 / e) C-118/20 / f) JY /
The revocation of an assurance of naturalisation must have due regard to the principle of proportionality where that revocation prevents the person concerned from recovering the citizenship of the Union. However, it is in principle for the Member State the nationality of which the person concerned applied to relinquish in order to be able to obtain the nationality of another Member State to... Read more
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
5.3.8 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to citizenship or nationality.
Citizenship, withdrawal / EU citizenship, loss / Naturalisation, cancellation / Act, administrative, cancellation.

ECJ-2022-1-002 a) European Union / b) Court of Justice of the European Union / c) Plenary Assembly / d) 16.02.2022 / e) Joined cases C-156/21 and C-157/21 / f) Hungary v. Parliament and Council /
Measures to protect the Union budget: the plenary assembly of the Court of Justice rejects the actions brought by Hungary and Poland against the conditionality mechanism that makes the benefit of financing from the Union budget subject to compliance by Member States of the principles of the rule of law.
3.9 General Principles - Rule of law.
3.10 General Principles - Certainty of the law.
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
3.18 General Principles - General interest.
4.10.2 Institutions - Public finances - Budget.
4.17.1.1 Institutions - European Union - Institutional structure - European Parliament.
4.17.1.3 Institutions - European Union - Institutional structure - Council of Ministers.
4.17.1.4 Institutions - European Union - Institutional structure - European Commission.
4.17.3 Institutions - European Union - Distribution of powers between institutions of the EU.
Budget, EU, measures, protection / Budget, EU, execution / Member State, budget, benefit, conditions / Mechanism, conditionality, appeal for annulment.

ECJ-2022-1-003 a) European Union / b) Court of Justice of the European Union / c) Grand Chamber / d) 22.02.2022 / e) C-430/21 / f) RS (Effect of judgments of a constitutional court) /
EU law precludes a national rule under which national courts have no jurisdiction to examine the conformity with EU law of national legislation, which has been held to be constitutional by a judgment of the constitutional court of the Member State The application of such a rule would undermine the principle of the primacy of EU law and the effectiveness of the preliminary-ruling mechanism
1.6.4 Constitutional Justice - Effects - Effect inter partes.
3.4 General Principles - Separation of powers.
4.7.1 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Jurisdiction.
4.17.2.1 Institutions - European Union - Distribution of powers between the EU and member states - Sincere co-operation between EU institutions and member States.
5.3.13.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Effective remedy.
5.3.13.14 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Independence.
Constitutional Court, decision, effects / Constitutional Court, decision, effects, conditions / Separation of powers / Reference for a preliminary ruling, loyal cooperation.

ECJ-2022-1-004 a) European Union / b) Court of Justice of the European Union / c) Grand Chamber / d) 22.02.2022 / e) C-562/21, C-563/21PPU / f) Openbaar Ministerie (Court established by the law in the issuing Member State) /
Refusal to execute a European arrest warrant: the Court of Justice specifies the criteria permitting an executing judicial authority to assess whether there is any risk of breach of the requested person’s fundamental right to a fair trial
4.7.4.1.2 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members - Appointment.
5.3.13.1.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Criminal proceedings.
5.3.13.15 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Impartiality.
European arrest warrant / Surrender procedure between Member States / Independence, executing judicial authority / Judges, appointment, executive.

ECJ-2022-1-005 a) European Union / b) Court of Justice of the European Union / c) Grand Chamber / d) 22.02.2022 / e) C-483/20 / f) Commissioner General for Refugees and Stateless Persons (Family Unity – Protection already granted) /
A Member State may exercise its option to declare an application for international protection inadmissible on the ground that the applicant has already been granted refugee status by another Member State. However, family unity must be maintained where that applicant is the father of a child who is an unaccompanied minor who has been granted subsidiary protection in the first Member State.
5.1.1.3.1 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Foreigners - Refugees and applicants for refugee status.
5.3.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Prohibition of torture and inhuman and degrading treatment.
5.3.11 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right of asylum.
5.3.33 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life.
5.3.44 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights of the child.
National, third country / Refugee, status, determination / Child, minor, subsidiary protection / International protection, application, rejection.

ECJ-2022-1-006 a) European Union / b) Court of Justice of the European Union / c) Grand Chamber / d) 08.03.2022 / e) C-205/20 / f) Bezirkshauptmannschaft Hartberg-Fürstenfeld (Direct effect) /
Posting of workers: national courts must ensure that penalties for non-compliance with administrative obligations are proportionate. National courts may apply a national system of penalties contrary to the directive concerning the posting of workers as long as it ensures proportionality of the penalties. The application of such a rule would undermine the principle of the primacy of EU law and... Read more
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
5.2.1.2 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Employment.
5.2.1.3 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Social security.
5.3.10 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights of domicile and establishment.
Freedom to provide services, workers, posting / Labour law obligations, non-compliance, penalties, proportionality.

ECJ-2022-1-007 a) European Union / b) Court of Justice of the European Union / c) Grand Chamber / d) 22.03.2022 / e) C-508/19 / f) Prokurator Generalny e.a. (Disciplinary Chamber of the Supreme Court – Appointment) /
A request for a preliminary ruling from a Polish court, seeking to ascertain whether EU law confers on it the power which it does not have under Polish law, to find that the employment relationship of a judge is non-existent because of defects in the act of his appointment.
5.3.13.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Effective remedy.
5.3.13.13 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Trial/decision within reasonable time.
5.3.13.14 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Independence.
5.3.13.15 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Impartiality.
European Union, Court of Justice, jurisdiction, limits / Regime, disciplinary, judge / Disciplinary procedure, civil action / Reference for a preliminary ruling, limitation.

ECJ-2022-1-008 a) European Union / b) Court of Justice of the European Union / c) Grand Chamber / d) 26.04.2022 / e) Joined cases C-368/20 and C-369/20 f) Landespolizeidirektion Steiermark (Maximum duration of internal border control) g) ECLI:EU:C:2022:298 / f) /
In the event of a serious threat to its public order or internal security, a Member State may reintroduce controls at its borders with other Member States, but without exceeding a maximum total duration of six months.
3.26 General Principles - Fundamental principles of the Internal Market.
5.1.1.2 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Citizens of the European Union and non-citizens with similar status.
5.1.4 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Limits and restrictions.
5.2.1.4 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Elections.
5.3.6 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of movement.
5.3.9 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right of residence.
European Union, citizen, free movement and free residence within the territory of the Member States, right / Border controls, asylum and immigration, temporary restriction, entry / Serious threat to public order or internal security, internal border control, reintroduction temporary / Schengen Borders Code.

FINLAND

FIN-2022-1-001 a) Finland / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 11.01.2022 / e) KKO 2022:1 / f) /
Expressions indicating that another person is a racist, a Nazi, or a Nazi clown are disparaging and meet the penal criteria of the Criminal Code. Freedom of expression entails a freedom to exaggerate and provoke. Where a person expresses provocative views, which are defamatory and hostile against certain groups, they are to be expected to tolerate similarly harsh criticism.
5.3.21 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
Defamation, press / Defamation, criminal / Defamation, social media / Defamation, politician.

FIN-2022-1-002 a) Finland / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 13.04.2022 / e) KKO 2022:25 / f) /
The constitutionally protected fishing rights of the Sámi people was not absolute. Such rights could be restricted under Section 20 of the Constitution in order to protect migratory fish stock. It was to be assessed whether shortening the net fishing season was a proportionate restriction on the Sámi people’s fundamental cultural right to fish given that it protected the salmon stock.
5.4.20 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to culture.
Fishing, restriction / People, indigenous, Sámi / Rights, people, indigenous.

FIN-2022-1-003 a) Finland / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 13.04.2022 / e) KKO 2022:26 / f) /
The constitutionally protected fishing rights of Sámi people was not absolute. Such rights could be restricted under Section 20 of the Constitution in order to protect migratory fish stock. Requiring the Sámi to obtain a fishing permit under Section 10.2 of the Fishing Act, giving the nature of the permit and the practical consequences of the requirement, was in evident conflict with their... Read more
5.4.20 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to culture.
Fishing, restriction / People, indigenous, Sámi / Rights, people, indigenous.

FRANCE

FRA-2022-1-001 a) France / b) Constitutional Council / c) / d) 20.01.2022 / e) 2021-834 DC / f) Law on criminal liability and internal security /
The legislator may authorise the use of drones capable of filming, recording and transmitting images for the purposes of investigating, detecting or prosecuting criminal offences or maintaining public order and security. However, in view of their mobility and the heights at which they can operate, these devices are capable of filming images of a large number of people in any location without... Read more
5.3.32.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life - Protection of personal data.
Drone, use, administrative policing / Drone, facial recognition.

FRA-2022-1-002 a) France / b) Constitutional Council / c) / d) 21.01.2022 / e) 2022-835 DC / f) Law strengthening the tools for managing the health crisis and amending the Public Health Code /
The provisions of the law strengthening the tools for managing the health crisis, which paved the way for the introduction of a requirement to show a "vaccine pass" in order to gain access to certain places, while at the same time requiring that it be discontinued as soon as it was no longer necessary, were deemed to be compatible with the Constitution. The Constitutional Council considered that,... Read more
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
3.19 General Principles - Margin of appreciation.
5.3.5.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty.
5.3.6 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of movement.
5.3.21 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
5.3.28 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of assembly.
5.3.29.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to participate in public affairs - Right to participate in political activity.
5.4.19 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
COVID-19, vaccine pass, places, access / COVID-19, health pass, political meeting, access.

FRA-2022-1-003 a) France / b) Constitutional Council / c) / d) 25.01.2022 / e) 2021-976/977 QPC / f) Mr Habib A. and Other (Retention of personal data for the investigation, detection and prosecution of criminal offences) /
By allowing the general and indiscriminate retention of connection data for the investigation, detection and prosecution of criminal offences, the impugned provisions concerning the retention of connection data, in their version prior to Law no. 2021-998 of 30 July 2021, constitute a disproportionate interference with the right to privacy.
5.3.32.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life - Protection of personal data.
5.3.36 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Inviolability of communications.
Connection data, retention.

FRA-2022-1-004 a) France / b) Constitutional Council / c) / d) 11.03.2022 / e) 2022-152 ORGA / f) Decision on the rules concerning the procedure to be followed before the Constitutional Council for findings of conformity with the Constitution /
The primary purpose of the new rules of procedure of the Constitutional Council for ex ante review of laws is to codify a set of practices that have developed and been refined since the Constitutional Council was created. The new rules also serve to update several aspects of the procedure followed until now, in order to make it more transparent and to improve the conditions for adversarial... Read more
1.4 Constitutional Justice - Procedure.
1.4.10.6 Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Interlocutory proceedings - Challenging of a judge.
5.3.13.20 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Adversarial principle.
Ex ante review, Constitutional Council, rules of procedure / Contribution, external, website, publication / Ex ante review, referral, author, contribution, written / Ex ante review, referral, author, hearing / Referral, website, online.

GERMANY

GER-2022-1-001 a) Germany / b) Federal Constitutional Court / c) First Chamber of the Second Panel / d) 06.12.2021 / e) 2 BvR 1470/20 / f) Gender-Balanced Election Lists Thuringian State Parliament /
1. The federal states of Germany are free to establish their own constitutional law and constitutional jurisdiction at their discretion to the extent that the Basic Law does not impose specific requirements. 2. Electoral law requirements for the separate constitutional spheres of the Federation and the federal states are set forth in Article 38.1 first sentence and Article 28.1 second sentence... Read more
3.3.1 General Principles - Democracy - Representative democracy.
3.19 General Principles - Margin of appreciation.
4.4.4.1 Institutions - Head of State - Appointment - Necessary qualifications.
4.5.3.1 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Composition - Election of members.
4.8.2 Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Regions and provinces.
4.8.6.3 Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Institutional aspects - Courts.
4.9.7.2 Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Preliminary procedures - Registration of parties and candidates.
5.2.1.4 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Elections.
5.2.2.1 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Gender.
5.2.3 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Affirmative action.
5.3.41.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Electoral rights - Right to stand for election.
5.3.41.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Electoral rights - Freedom of voting.
Election, candidate, gender / Election, candidacy, nomination, gender / Election, candidate list / Election, law, gender, balance / Equality, gender, representation, Parliament / Equality, gender, legislator, latitude / Federation, delegation of powers / Federation, entity, constitution / Gender, balance / Gender, parity / Political competition, opportunities, equal / Political will, formation / Women, representation, political.

GER-2022-1-002 a) Germany / b) Federal Constitutional Court / c) Second Chamber of the First Panel / d) 19.12.2021 / e) 1 BvR 1073/20 / f) Hate Speech on Social Media /
1. If someone claims that a statement violates their general right of personality, a finding that the statement in question amounts to insult within the meaning of § 185 of the Criminal Code requires a balancing of interests that weighs the impairments of the affected legal interests, in this case freedom of expression and personal honour. 2. The courts can only forgo such balancing of interests... Read more
3.17 General Principles - Weighing of interests.
5.3.19 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of opinion.
5.3.21 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
5.3.31 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to respect for one's honour and reputation.
Derogatory statements, criminal conviction / Hate speech / Insult, context / Insult, politician / Personality right, public figure / Personality, general right / Politician, defamation / Politician, honour, protection / Social media platform, freedom of expression / Social media, statements, offensive.

GER-2022-1-003 a) Germany / b) Federal Constitutional Court / c) First Chamber of the First Panel / d) 18.01.2022 / e) 1 BvR 1565, 2058, 2057, 2056, 2055, 2054, 2575, 2574, 1936, 1669, 1566/21 / f) Land Climate Protection Laws /
1. Under certain conditions, it can be an admissible challenge in constitutional complaint proceedings that the state leaves the measures necessary to uphold its constitutional obligation to take climate action to future periods if this entails disproportionate restrictions of fundamental freedoms by the state. Applicants must demonstrate their standing to lodge such constitutional complaints by... Read more
5.1.3 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Positive obligation of the state.
5.3.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to life.
5.3.4 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to physical and psychological integrity.
5.3.39 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to property.
5.5.1 Fundamental Rights - Collective rights - Right to the environment.
Climate change / Climate, protection / Ecological minimum standard of living / Inter-temporal guarantees of freedom / Right to a future in accordance with human dignity / Reduction, greenhouse gas.

GER-2022-1-004 a) Germany / b) Federal Constitutional Court / c) Second Panel / d) 09.02.2022 / e) 2 BvR 1368, 1444, 1482, 1823/16, 2 BvE 3/16 / f) CETA Provisional Application /
1. The provisional application of the EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (hereinafter, "CETA") is unobjectionable under constitutional law. 2. The Council Decision on the provisional application of CETA does not amount to an ultra vires act. Nor does it encroach upon the basic tenets of the principle of democracy that form part of the Basic Law’s constitutional identity.
1.3.4.14 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Distribution of powers between the EU and member states.
1.3.5.1 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - International treaties.
2.2.1.1 Sources - Hierarchy - Hierarchy as between national and non-national sources - Treaties and constitutions.
2.2.1.6.3 Sources - Hierarchy - Hierarchy as between national and non-national sources - Law of the European Union/EU Law and domestic law - EU secondary law and constitutions.
3.1 General Principles - Sovereignty.
3.3.1 General Principles - Democracy - Representative democracy.
4.16.1 Institutions - International relations - Transfer of powers to international institutions.
4.17.2 Institutions - European Union - Distribution of powers between the EU and member states.
Constitutional identity / Democracy, core, right, individual / European Union act, ultra vires, review / European Union, competences, international treaty, conclusion / European Union, law, primacy, limits, constitutional / Free trade, agreement, European Union / Free trade, agreement, mixed / Free trade, agreement, application, provisional / Ultra vires.

GER-2022-1-005 a) Germany / b) Federal Constitutional Court / c) First Panel / d) 10.02.2022 / e) 1 BvR 2649/21 / f) Sector-Specific Vaccination Mandate (preliminary injunction against mandatory vaccination in the health sector) /
1. The imposition of a limited vaccination mandate in the health and care sector is not per se unconstitutional. 2. Constitutional concerns arise from the legislative design of a vaccination mandate where the legislator relies on a two-stage dynamic reference in the sense that the challenged provision makes reference to a different legal instrument (ordinance), which in turn refers to the... Read more
1.3.2.1 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Type of review - Preliminary / ex post facto review.
1.4.2 Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Summary procedure.
3.4 General Principles - Separation of powers.
3.12 General Principles - Clarity and precision of legal provisions.
3.17 General Principles - Weighing of interests.
3.18 General Principles - General interest.
3.19 General Principles - Margin of appreciation.
5.1.5 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Emergency situations.
5.3.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to life.
5.3.4 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to physical and psychological integrity.
5.4.4 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Freedom to choose one's profession.
5.4.19 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
COVID-19, pandemic, measures / COVID-19, pandemic, legislative response / Disability, persons, protection / General interest, healthcare system, proper functioning / General interest, life and health, protection / Infectious disease, protection / Legal provision, suspension / Subject of review, law, direct challenge / Vaccination, obligatory / Vulnerable persons, protection.

GER-2022-1-006 a) Germany / b) Federal Constitutional Court / c) First Panel / d) 23.03.2022 / e) 1 BvR 1187/17 / f) Onshore Wind Energy (municipal and public participation in earnings generated by wind farms) /
1. Legislation imposing obligations to make contractual and transactional arrangements using structures and options already provided for in company law does not create new company law and thus does not necessarily come under the Federation’s legislative competence for ‘company law’ under Article 74.1.11 of the Basic Law. In such cases, legislative competence is determined by the purposes pursued... Read more
1.2.2.3 Constitutional Justice - Types of claim - Claim by a private body or individual - Profit-making corporate body.
1.3.4.3 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Distribution of powers between central government and federal or regional entities.
1.3.4.10.1 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Litigation in respect of the constitutionality of enactments - Limits of the legislative competence.
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
3.17 General Principles - Weighing of interests.
3.18 General Principles - General interest.
3.19 General Principles - Margin of appreciation.
4.8.2 Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Regions and provinces.
4.8.3 Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Municipalities.
4.10 Institutions - Public finances.
5.2.1.1 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Public burdens.
5.3.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to life.
5.3.4 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to physical and psychological integrity.
5.3.39 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to property.
5.4.4 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Freedom to choose one's profession.
5.4.19 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
5.5.1 Fundamental Rights - Collective rights - Right to the environment.
Climate change / Climate, protection / Company, share, participation, public / Electricity, supply / Energy, renewable / General interest, climate, protection / Public finances, levy, non-tax / Reduction, greenhouse gas / Wind energy.

GER-2022-1-007 a) Germany / b) Federal Constitutional Court / c) First Panel / d) 26.04.2022 / e) 1 BvR 1619/17 / f) Bavarian Constitutional Protection Act /
1. Domestic intelligence services perform specific tasks of surveillance and intelligence gathering and do not have operational follow-up powers as police authorities do. This justifies tying their surveillance powers to modified thresholds for interference. However, the transmission of personal data and information thereby obtained must be subject to strict requirements. 2. The greater the... Read more
3.12 General Principles - Clarity and precision of legal provisions.
5.1.4 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Limits and restrictions.
5.3.32.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life - Protection of personal data.
5.3.35 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Inviolability of the home.
5.3.36 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Inviolability of communications.
Surveillance, secret, measure / Data collection, secret / Data, personal, treatment / Personal data, collection / Police, criminal authority, judicial supervision / Police, measure / Police, surveillance, limits / Privacy, invasion, proportionality / Security, public, danger / Terrorism, fight, fundamental rights, protection, weighing / Remote search, information technology systems, right / Data, use, purpose limitation, principle / Data transfer, third country.

ITALY

ITA-2022-1-001 a) Italy / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 18.11.2021 / e) 216/2021 / f) /
When there are humanitarian or serious reasons to believe that surrender would endanger the life or health of the person concerned, suspension does not constitute an adequate remedy to ensure the health of persons suffering from chronic illness of an indefinite duration. In such circumstances, the execution of the European arrest warrant (hereinafter, "EAW") would be likely to lead to execution... Read more
1.4.10.7 Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Interlocutory proceedings - Request for a preliminary ruling by the Court of Justice of the EU.
2.1.1.1 Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules.
2.1.1.3 Sources - Categories - Written rules - Law of the European Union/EU Law.
2.1.1.4.4 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - European Convention on Human Rights of 1950.
2.1.1.4.18 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union of 2000.
2.1.3.2.1 Sources - Categories - Case-law - International case-law - European Court of Human Rights.
2.2.1.6 Sources - Hierarchy - Hierarchy as between national and non-national sources - Law of the European Union/EU Law and domestic law.
3.9 General Principles - Rule of law.
3.17 General Principles - Weighing of interests.
3.20 General Principles - Reasonableness.
4.17.2.1 Institutions - European Union - Distribution of powers between the EU and member states - Sincere co-operation between EU institutions and member States.
5.3.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to dignity.
5.3.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to life.
5.3.5.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty.
5.3.5.1.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty - Arrest.
5.3.13.1.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Criminal proceedings.
5.4.19 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
Surrender / European Arrest Warrant.

ITA-2022-1-002 a) Italy / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 18.11.2021 / e) 217/2021 / f) /
The question of whether the need to protect the fundamental right of a third-country national to preserve personal and family ties established in Italy requires the Italian judicial authority to be granted the power, not provided for in the challenged legislation, to deny the execution of an arrest warrant relating to a custodial sentence or detention order, must be answered at the level of EU... Read more
1.4.10.7 Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Interlocutory proceedings - Request for a preliminary ruling by the Court of Justice of the EU.
1.5.4.3 Constitutional Justice - Decisions - Types - Finding of constitutionality or unconstitutionality.
2.1.1.1 Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules.
2.1.1.1.1 Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules - Constitution.
2.1.1.3 Sources - Categories - Written rules - Law of the European Union/EU Law.
2.1.1.4.4 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - European Convention on Human Rights of 1950.
2.1.1.4.18 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union of 2000.
2.1.3.2.1 Sources - Categories - Case-law - International case-law - European Court of Human Rights.
2.2.1.6 Sources - Hierarchy - Hierarchy as between national and non-national sources - Law of the European Union/EU Law and domestic law.
3.9 General Principles - Rule of law.
3.17 General Principles - Weighing of interests.
3.20 General Principles - Reasonableness.
4.17.2.1 Institutions - European Union - Distribution of powers between the EU and member states - Sincere co-operation between EU institutions and member States.
5.3.5.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty.
5.3.5.1.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty - Arrest.
5.3.13.1.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Criminal proceedings.
5.3.33 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life.
Surrender / European Arrest Warrant / Third-country nationals.

ITA-2022-1-003 a) Italy / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 04.03.2022 / e) 54/2022 / f) /
It is within the legislator’s discretion to identify the recipients of social security benefits, taking into account the limit of available resources. However, that choice is subject to the principle of reasonableness. The introduction of selective requirements is thus possible, provided that they are underpinned by adequate legislative grounds and supported by a rational and transparent... Read more
1.5.4.3 Constitutional Justice - Decisions - Types - Finding of constitutionality or unconstitutionality.
2.1.1.1 Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules.
2.1.1.1.1 Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules - Constitution.
2.1.1.3 Sources - Categories - Written rules - Law of the European Union/EU Law.
2.1.1.4.18 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union of 2000.
2.2.1.6 Sources - Hierarchy - Hierarchy as between national and non-national sources - Law of the European Union/EU Law and domestic law.
2.2.2.2 Sources - Hierarchy - Hierarchy as between national sources - The Constitution and other sources of domestic law.
2.3.8 Sources - Techniques of review - Systematic interpretation.
3.19 General Principles - Margin of appreciation.
3.20 General Principles - Reasonableness.
5.2 Fundamental Rights - Equality.
5.3.33 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life.
5.4.14 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to social security.
5.4.18 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to a sufficient standard of living.
Childbirth allowance and maternity allowance / Third-country nationals.

ITA-2022-1-004 a) Italy / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 10.03.2022 / e) 67/2022 / f) /
As far as social security benefits are concerned, the European Union’s law establishes the duty not to distinguish the treatment of third-country nationals from that reserved for citizens of the states where they legally reside and work. The duty is imposed by the relevant directives in a clear, precise and unconditional way, and is, thus, endowed with direct applicability. The legislator may... Read more
1.4.10.7 Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Interlocutory proceedings - Request for a preliminary ruling by the Court of Justice of the EU.
2.1.1.1 Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules.
2.1.1.1.1 Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules - Constitution.
2.3.8 Sources - Techniques of review - Systematic interpretation.
4.17.2 Institutions - European Union - Distribution of powers between the EU and member states.
5.2 Fundamental Rights - Equality.
5.2.1.3 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Social security.
5.4.14 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to social security.
5.4.15 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to unemployment benefits.
5.4.18 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to a sufficient standard of living.
5.4.19 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
Family unit allowance / Third-country nationals.

KOREA, REPUBLIC OF

KOR-2022-1-001 a) Korea / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 25.02.2021 / e) 2017Hun-Ma1113, 2018Hun-Ba330 / f) Crime of Defamation by Publicly Alleging Facts /
Freedom of expression, which guarantees an exchange of various ideas and opinions and promotes citizens’ right to know, is a fundamental right essential to our constitutional democracy. In situations where restrictions on freedom of expression are necessary, such limits should be imposed to the minimum extent.
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
3.17 General Principles - Weighing of interests.
5.3.21 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
5.3.31 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to respect for one's honour and reputation.
5.3.32 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
Defamation, criminal / Defamation, fact, public allegation / Prevention effect, criminal penalty / Chilling effect, expression.

KOR-2022-1-002 a) Korea / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 31.08.2021 / e) 2019Hun-Ba439 / f) Prohibition of and Punishment for Interference with Broadcast Programming /
Under the Constitution, all citizens enjoy freedom of speech and the press, and freedom of assembly and association. The Constitution protects the freedom of speech and press as such; the freedom of broadcasting is recognised as a branch of the freedom of speech and press. Nevertheless, the freedom of broadcasting is restricted and regulated in various forms due to special characteristics such as... Read more
3.12 General Principles - Clarity and precision of legal provisions.
3.14 General Principles - Nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege.
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
3.17 General Principles - Weighing of interests.
5.3.21 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
5.3.23 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights in respect of the audiovisual media and other means of mass communication.
Broadcast, freedom / Broadcast, independence / Interference, broadcast programming.

KOR-2022-1-003 a) Korea / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 30.09.2021 / e) 2019Hun-Ka3 / f) Property Required to Be Registered by Married Woman Liable for Registration /
Discrimination on the basis of sex is prohibited under the Constitution; furthermore, the Constitution specifically directs equal treatment of the sexes in marriage and family life. When determining whether a provision stipulating equality in marriage and family life violates the principle of equality, the Court should apply the standard of strict scrutiny and conduct a proportionality review.
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
4.7.4.1.6.2 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members - Status - Discipline.
5.2.2.1 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Gender.
5.2.2.13 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Differentiation ratione temporis.
Equality, marriage, family life / Women, social status / Misogyny, societal culture / Ethics, public service / Property registration, obligatory / Standard, strict scrutiny.

KOR-2022-1-004 a) Korea / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 25.11.2021 / e) 2015Hun-Ba334, 2018Hun-Ba42 (consolidated) / f) Marginal Part-time Employees /
The Constitution stipulates that the standards of working conditions must be determined by law. Employees must be given adequate protection, through safeguards to their working conditions, but this must be done in harmony with the concepts of efficient business management and productivity.
5.2.1.2.1 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Employment - In private law.
5.2.2 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction.
5.4.3 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to work.
5.4.6 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Commercial and industrial freedom.
5.4.14 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to social security.
5.4.15 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to unemployment benefits.
5.4.16 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to a pension.
5.4.17 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to just and decent working conditions.
Employment, part-time, marginal / Retirement, benefit, payment / Working hours, contractual.

KOSOVO

KOS-2022-1-001 a) Kosovo / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 31.01.2022 / e) KO 93/21 / f) Blerta Deliu Kodra and twelve other deputies of the Assembly /
The decision of the Assembly as a sole shareholder of the Public Enterprise KOSTT (Electricity Transmission, System and Market Operator) to authorise the latter to cover the cost of electricity deviations for electricity consumers living in four municipalities of the Republic of Kosovo has resulted in a difference in treatment between electricity consumers who live in the four municipalities and... Read more
1.2.1.2 Constitutional Justice - Types of claim - Claim by a public body - Legislative bodies.
1.3.2.1 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Type of review - Preliminary / ex post facto review.
1.3.5.5 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Laws and other rules having the force of law.
2.1.1.1 Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules.
2.1.1.4.4 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - European Convention on Human Rights of 1950.
2.1.3.1 Sources - Categories - Case-law - Domestic case-law.
2.1.3.2.1 Sources - Categories - Case-law - International case-law - European Court of Human Rights.
5.2 Fundamental Rights - Equality.
Energy sector / Legitimate aim / Obligation, international / Proportionality / Residence, discrimination..

KOS-2022-1-002 a) Kosovo / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 10.03.2022 / e) KO 145/21 / f) Municipality of Kamenica, Constitutional review of Decision no. 01B/24 of the Ministry of Education, Science, Technology and Innovation, 23 April 2021 /
In organising the accelerated alternative education and determining the organisation of education in relevant school facilities in the Municipality of Kamenica, the Ministry of Education, Science, Technology and Innovation (hereinafter, "MESTI") through the challenged Decision has exceeded its competence and violated municipal responsibilities, namely it has interfered with the "own competencies"... Read more
1.2.1.6 Constitutional Justice - Types of claim - Claim by a public body - Local self-government body.
1.3.4.4 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Powers of local authorities.
1.3.5.13 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Administrative acts.
2.1.1.1.1 Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules - Constitution.
2.1.1.4.14 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - European Charter of Local Self-Government of 1985.
2.1.3.1 Sources - Categories - Case-law - Domestic case-law.
4.8.3 Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Municipalities.
4.8.4.1 Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Basic principles - Autonomy.
Municipality, competence / Local self-government / Education / Competence, full and exclusive.

LATVIA

LAT-2022-1-001 a) Latvia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 23.02.2022 / e) 2021-22-01 / f) On the compliance of the second sentence of Article 4441(3) of the Civil Procedure Law (in the wording which was in force from 1 March 2018 until 19 April 2021) with the first sentence of Article 92 of the Constitution /
The right to a fair trial implies the obligation of the legislator to adopt the necessary measures to ensure that there is access to justice for persons with scarce financial resources. It may provide for a legal framework that exempts persons with scarce financial resources from the obligation to make certain payments. The fact that a person is not entitled to claim an exemption from the... Read more
5.3.13.1.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Civil proceedings.
5.3.13.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.
Civil proceedings, legal person / Appeal, right / Court fee, exemption.

LAT-2022-1-002 a) Latvia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 10.03.2022 / e) 2021-24-03 / f) On the compliance of paragraph 2418 of the Cabinet of Ministers Regulation No 360 of 9 June 2020 "Epidemiological safety measures for the containment of the spread of COVID-19 infection" (in the wording that was in force from 7 April 2021 until 19 May 2021) with the first sentence of Article 91, as well as the first and the third sentence of Article 105 of the Constitution /
The right to health directly concerns everyone; it is an essential precondition for the exercise of any other fundamental human right. The rapid, uncontrolled spread of COVID-19 infection creates significant threats to society, in that it could lead to congestion in the health sector and jeopardise the continuity of healthcare services. The mere fact that a state of emergency has not been... Read more
4.18 Institutions - State of emergency and emergency powers.
5.2 Fundamental Rights - Equality.
5.3.39.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to property - Other limitations.
5.4.19 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
COVID-19, pandemic / Health service / Shop, closure / Precaution, principle / Property, legal persons, equal treatment.

LAT-2022-1-003 a) Latvia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 25.03.2022 / e) 2021-25-03 / f) On the compliance of paragraphs 3, 4 and 5 of the Cabinet of Ministers Regulation no 859 of 8 November 2011 "Regulation on the maximum amount of expenditure on legal aid reimbursable to a private individual" (in the wording which was in force from 8 May 2015 until 9 April 2020) with the first sentence of Article 92 of the Constitution /
The right to receive reimbursement of a reasonable amount for necessary expenses related to legal assistance is an essential element of the right to access to justice in a democratic state governed by the rule of law. The right to receive qualified legal assistance is a fundamental human right that ensures the exercise of other rights. Access to justice is, in principle, ensured where a person... Read more
5.3.13.27.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right to counsel - Right to paid legal assistance.
Compensation, expenses incurred / Lawyer, fee / Legal costs, reimbursement, refusal.

LIECHTENSTEIN

LIE-2022-1-001 a) Liechtenstein / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 07.02.2022 / e) StGH 2021-039, 2021-040 / f) /
If authorities of another signatory state to both the European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters and the Money Laundering Convention deny the obligation to provide legal assistance because they consider the foreign criminal proceedings to be politically motivated and therefore have considerable doubts about the fairness of those proceedings, their opinion is also relevant for... Read more
5.3.32.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life - Protection of personal data.
Mutual legal assistance / Political nature of proceedings.

MEXICO

MEX-2022-1-001 a) Mexico / b) Electoral Court of the Federal Judiciary / c) High Chamber / d) 28.08.2021 / e) SUP-REC-1410-2021 and Joint Cases / f) /
In order to ensure that persons who have access to seats reserved for members of indigenous peoples really have such status, a review of documentation issued by traditional authorities is needed, in which their belonging to a specific community is evidenced. This will safeguard intercultural representation within the federal legislative body.
4.9.6 Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Representation of minorities.
5.3.45 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Protection of minorities and persons belonging to minorities.
5.5.4 Fundamental Rights - Collective rights - Right to self-determination.
Minority, ethnic, indigenous / Minority, Parliament, representation.

MEX-2022-1-002 a) Mexico / b) Electoral Court of the Federal Judiciary / c) High Chamber / d) 29.09.2021 / e) SUP-REC-1861-2021 / f) /
A City Council election had taken place in the course of which gender-based political violence was carried out against a female candidate for the municipal presidency. This violence was decisive for the outcome of the election and infringed the principles of certainty and equity irreparably.
5.2.2.1 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Gender.
5.2.3 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Affirmative action.
5.3.41 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Electoral rights.
Woman, rights, advancement / Woman, violence against, prevention / Gender equality, fundamental value, democracy / Election, candidate, gender.

MEX-2022-1-003 a) Mexico / b) Electoral Court of the Federal Judiciary / c) High Chamber / d) 30.09.2021 / e) SUP-REC-1874-2021 and Joint Cases / f) /
The principle of the separation of Church and State was violated when, during a municipal election, a minister of worship made publications on Facebook, calling on citizens not to vote for a political option, during the election "silence" period. This had a decisive impact on the outcome of the election.
3.7 General Principles - Relations between the State and bodies of a religious or ideological nature.
Church and state, separation / Elections, invalidation / Electoral result, rectification / Electoral rules, breach.

MEX-2022-1-004 a) Mexico / b) Electoral Court of the Federal Judiciary / c) High Chamber / d) 14.04.2021 / e) SUP-JDC-1981-2021 / f) /
In a situation where an electoral candidate was found by the auditing authority to have exceeded the campaign expenditure limit, and where, at the same time, the validity of the election in which that candidate had been elected was challenged, the gravity of the conduct and the intentionality in the commission of the conduct would have to be fully proved, and its impact on the electorate’s... Read more
4.9.8.2 Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Electoral campaign and campaign material - Campaign expenses.
Election, electoral campaign, restriction / Electoral campaign, social media, limitation.

MEX-2022-1-005 a) Mexico / b) Electoral Court of the Federal Judiciary / c) High Chamber / d) 04.11.2021 / e) SUP-REC-324-2021 / f) /
Advertisements by a political party on the regulation of abortion which inter alia suggested it should be criminalised, corresponded to the ideology of that party. Their dissemination was valid in terms of identifying the party’s electoral proposals and the legislative programme it would implement if it won the election. However, the type of language used should not have fostered gender... Read more
4.5.10.3 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Political parties - Role.
5.3.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to life.
5.3.21 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
Political party, expression of view, scope / Debate, political.

MEX-2022-1-006 a) Mexico / b) Electoral Court of the Federal Judiciary / c) High Chamber / d) 22.12.2021 / e) SUP-JE-282-2021 and Joint Cases / f) /
A management electoral body that sought to postpone the recall election due to the insufficiency of budgetary resources had no authority to do so, as it had not exhausted all, the means at its disposal to comply with its obligation to guarantee the exercise of citizens’ political rights.
4.9.2 Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Referenda and other instruments of direct democracy.
4.10.2 Institutions - Public finances - Budget.
Budget, allocation / Budget, appropriation, extraordinary / Budget, expenditure / Autonomous, authority, budget, expenses, financial control.

MOLDOVA, REPUBLIC OF

MDA-2022-1-001 a) Moldova / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 23.09.2021 / e) 31 / f) Constitutional review of Article 1329.12 and 1329.15 of the Criminal Procedure Code /
While submitting to the casefile all intercepted conversations on a telephone station may infringe other rights, the person concerned must, however, be given an opportunity to hear the recordings or to challenge their veracity. Failure to disclose to the defence the evidence containing information which would allow the accused to be acquitted or see his or her sentence reduced, would be a denial... Read more
2.1.1.4.4 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - European Convention on Human Rights of 1950.
2.1.3.2.1 Sources - Categories - Case-law - International case-law - European Court of Human Rights.
3.17 General Principles - Weighing of interests.
5.3.13 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial.
5.3.13.1.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Criminal proceedings.
5.3.13.8 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right of access to the file.
5.3.13.19 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Equality of arms.
5.3.13.26 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right to have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of the case.
5.3.32 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
Recording, destruction / Fair trial / Right of defence.

MDA-2022-1-002 a) Moldova / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 26.10.2021 / e) 33 / f) Exception of unconstitutionality of Article 17.1, 17.2 and 17.3 of the Customs Code /
The communication of only general information by the customs body and the absolute prohibition to disclose official information with limited accessibility constitutes an excessive burden for persons requesting the provision of information. The customs body and the courts of law must assess requests for information in light of the factual and legal circumstances of each individual case.
1.1.4.4 Constitutional Justice - Constitutional jurisdiction - Relations with other institutions - Courts.
1.3.2.2 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Type of review - Abstract / concrete review.
1.3.4.1 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Litigation in respect of fundamental rights and freedoms.
2.1.3.2.1 Sources - Categories - Case-law - International case-law - European Court of Human Rights.
3.10 General Principles - Certainty of the law.
3.12 General Principles - Clarity and precision of legal provisions.
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
3.17 General Principles - Weighing of interests.
3.18 General Principles - General interest.
4.5.8 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Relations with judicial bodies.
4.6.6 Institutions - Executive bodies - Relations with judicial bodies.
4.7.1 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Jurisdiction.
4.7.8.1 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Ordinary courts - Civil courts.
5.1.4.3 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Limits and restrictions - Subsequent review of limitation.
5.3.24 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to information.
5.3.32 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
Customs / Right to information / Confidential information, protection / Principles, competing / Fair balance.

MDA-2022-1-003 a) Moldova / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 23.11.2021 / e) 36 / f) On the constitutional review of Articles 66.7 and 84.13 of the Audiovisual Media Services Code /
Non-compliance of a domestic legal provision with an international treaty is unconstitutional. Imposing an absolute obligation on distributors of audio-visual media services to exclude advertisement and teleshopping from retransmitted foreign programs, without taking into account individual measures less intrusive in the freedom of expression is incompatible with the Constitution.
2.1.1.4 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments.
2.1.1.4.4 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - European Convention on Human Rights of 1950.
3.10 General Principles - Certainty of the law.
3.12 General Principles - Clarity and precision of legal provisions.
4.7.6 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Relations with bodies of international jurisdiction.
4.7.8 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Ordinary courts.
5.3.13.1.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Criminal proceedings.
5.3.13.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Effective remedy.
5.3.13.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.
5.3.21 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
5.3.24 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to information.
Advertisement / Teleshopping / Audio-visual / Freedom of expression, restriction.

MDA-2022-1-004 a) Moldova / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 07.12.2021 / e) 37 / f) On the constitutional review of several provisions of Article 3438 of the Civil Procedure Code /
The public agent subjected to integrity testing shall have the right to contest the result of the test assessment and to participate in the subsequent judicial proceedings.
5.1.4 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Limits and restrictions.
5.3.13 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial.
Public agent / Professional integrity test / Corruption prevention.

MDA-2022-1-005 a) Moldova / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 07.12.2021 / e) 38 / f) Interpretation of Articles 1.3, 20 and 116.1 and 116.2 of the Constitution and constitutional review of Article 11.1 of the Law on the Status of Judges /
After the expiration of the five-year initial term of appointment of judges, they shall be appointed until they reach the age limit without an additional assessment by the Superior Council of Magistracy. The appointment of judges until they reach the age limit must involve strict rules in order for the standard of independence to be respected. The Superior Council of Magistracy must exercise... Read more
2.1.1.1.1 Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules - Constitution.
3.9 General Principles - Rule of law.
4.7.4.1.2 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members - Appointment.
4.7.4.1.4 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members - Term of office.
4.7.4.1.6 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members - Status.
4.7.5 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Supreme Judicial Council or equivalent body.
Judge, independence / Judge, appointment / Age, limit / Assessment.

MDA-2022-1-006 a) Moldova / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 03.03.2022 / e) 4 / f) Constitutional review of certain provisions of Law no. 92 of 29 May 2014 on thermal energy and promotion of cogeneration and of the Regulation approved by Government Decision no. 191 of 19 February 2002 /
A general obligation to pay for heating services in the case of flats disconnected from the central heating system, without taking into account the specific circumstances of each individual case is unconstitutional.
2.1.1.4.4 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - European Convention on Human Rights of 1950.
2.1.3.2.1 Sources - Categories - Case-law - International case-law - European Court of Human Rights.
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
5.3.29 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to participate in public affairs.
5.3.39 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to property.
Centralised heating / Disconnected flat / Payment, obligation / Fair balance.

MDA-2022-1-007 a) Moldova / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenary / d) 07.04.2022 / e) 9 / f) On the constitutionality of Law no. 26 of 10 March 2022 on some measures related to the selection of candidates for administrative positions in bodies of self-administration of judges and prosecutors /
The power of the President of the Republic to confirm or reject the panel of judges empowered with examining appeals against the decisions of the Evaluation Commission does not comply with the principle of separation of powers. The power of the Superior Council of Magistracy to adopt decisions by a simple majority of votes, until the date of the legal gathering of the new composition, regarding... Read more
3.4 General Principles - Separation of powers.
4.4.3.3 Institutions - Head of State - Powers - Relations with judicial bodies.
Judicial council / Prosecutorial council / Integrity, candidate, evaluation / Judicial review / Separation of powers.

MONTENEGRO

MNE-2022-1-001 a) Montenegro / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 24.02.2022 / e) U-I 13/18 / f) /
The legislator operates within the limits of its powers when it establishes in the provision of Article 15 of the Law of the authority of the Parliament, if the proposer fails to nominate or the Parliament fails to elect a judge of the Constitutional Court to the vacant position, to pass, at the same time, the decision on termination of office of the judge of the Constitutional Court whose term... Read more
1.1.1.1.1 Constitutional Justice - Constitutional jurisdiction - Statute and organisation - Sources - Constitution.
1.1.2.4 Constitutional Justice - Constitutional jurisdiction - Composition, recruitment and structure - Appointment of members.
1.1.3.1 Constitutional Justice - Constitutional jurisdiction - Status of the members of the court - Term of office of Members.
1.1.3.9 Constitutional Justice - Constitutional jurisdiction - Status of the members of the court - End of office.
Anti-deadlock, mechanism / Constitutionality, legality / Judge, cessation of duty, election / Regulations, conformity.

NORWAY

NOR-2022-1-001 a) Norway / b) Supreme Court / c) Chamber / d) 07.04.2022 / e) HR-2022-718-A / f) /
A duty to remain in quarantine applied to the owners of cabins in Sweden who were visiting them interfered with the right to respect for the individual’s home, which is protected under the Constitution and the European Convention of Human Rights. The interference was, however, lawful.
1.3.4.10 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Litigation in respect of the constitutionality of enactments.
2.1.1.1.1 Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules - Constitution.
5.3.35 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Inviolability of the home.
COVID-19, pandemic / Review, constitutional / Disease, infectious, measures / Home, respect.

PORTUGAL

POR-2022-1-001 a) Portugal / b) Constitutional Court / c) First Chamber / d) 01.02.2022 / e) 87/22 / f) /
The Constitutional Court decided that a rule in a Decree by the Presidency of the Council of Ministers, establishing a measure of mandatory confinement, was not unconstitutional, because it was approved while the state of emergency was in force.
1.3.4.7.2 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Restrictive proceedings - Withdrawal of civil rights.
4.18 Institutions - State of emergency and emergency powers.
5.3.5.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty.
COVID-19, pandemic, rights / Mandatory confinement.

POR-2022-1-002 a) Portugal / b) Constitutional Court / c) First Chamber / d) 01.02.2022 / e) 88/22 / f) /
A provision regulating "public disaster" appended as an Annex to a Council of Ministers Resolution was unconstitutional, to the extent that it permitted an indefinite number of people to be deprived of their freedom based on an administrative order, with no judicial control.
1.3.4.7.2 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Restrictive proceedings - Withdrawal of civil rights.
4.18 Institutions - State of emergency and emergency powers.
5.3.5.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty.
COVID-19, pandemic, rights / Mandatory confinement.

POR-2022-1-003 a) Portugal / b) Constitutional Court / c) First Chamber / d) 01.02.2022 / e) 89/22 / f) /
A provision that regulates "public disaster" appended as an Annex to a Council of Ministers Resolution was unconstitutional, to the extent that it allowed any citizen to be deprived of their freedom based on an administrative order, with no judicial control.
1.3.4.7.2 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Restrictive proceedings - Withdrawal of civil rights.
4.18 Institutions - State of emergency and emergency powers.
5.3.5.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty.
COVID-19, pandemic, rights / Mandatory confinement.

POR-2022-1-004 a) Portugal / b) Constitutional Court / c) First Chamber / d) 01.02.2022 / e) 90/22 / f) /
A provision of a norm regulating "public disaster," appended as an Annex to a Council of Ministers Resolution was unconstitutional, to the extent that it provided that any Portuguese or foreign citizen, whether resident in Portugal or not, who enters Portugal in a flight departing from a country included in a list of countries set by members of Government responsible for foreign affairs, defence,... Read more
1.3.4.7.2 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Restrictive proceedings - Withdrawal of civil rights.
3.10 General Principles - Certainty of the law.
4.6.2 Institutions - Executive bodies - Powers.
4.6.3.1 Institutions - Executive bodies - Application of laws - Autonomous rule-making powers.
5.3.5.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty.
COVID-19, pandemic, rights / Mandatory confinement.

POR-2022-1-005 a) Portugal / b) Constitutional Court / c) First Chamber / d) 15.02.2022 / e) 132/22 / f) /
An article of the Civil Code is unconstitutional, to the extent that it excludes the possibility of adoption of a person older than 18 on the date that the initial judicial application is filed in Court. The potential adoptee here was the son of the applicant’s wife and had been treated since childhood like his own son, with affection, assistance and care bonds similar to those that arise between... Read more
3.16 General Principles - Proportionality.
5.3.33 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life.
5.3.44 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights of the child.
Adoption, maximum age.

NORTH MACEDONIA

MKD-2022-1-001 a) Republic of North Macedonia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 09.03.2022 / e) 136/2019 / f) /
Adoption is a measure which is taken due to child protection and aims to provide a child with a family not a child for the family and does not imply that the state should allow the adoption of a child in any case, but only if it assessed that it is in the best interest of the child.
2.1.1.4 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments.
5.2.2.8 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Physical or mental disability.
5.2.2.12 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Civil status.
5.3.33 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life.
5.3.44 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights of the child.
Adoption, right, family / Child, physical disability, best interests.

SERBIA

SRB-2022-1-001 a) Serbia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 04.03.2021 / e) Už-1526/2017 / f) /
Human trafficking is a modern form of slavery, and as such is contrary to the principle of humanity. It insults human dignity and the fundamental values on which a civilised democratic society is based. Human trafficking can not be reduced only to the criminal aspect.
5.1.3 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Positive obligation of the state.
5.3.5.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Prohibition of forced or compulsory labour.
5.3.13.13 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Trial/decision within reasonable time.
Human trafficking, prohibition / GRETA.

SLOVAKIA

SVK-2022-1-001 a) Slovakia / b) Constitutional Court / c) Plenum / d) 10.11.2021 / e) PL. ÚS 25/2019 / f) /
For restrictions on fundamental rights to meet the requirement of pursuing a legitimate aim, that aim must be clearly and sufficiently explained in detail either through the legislative process or in the legislation itself. It is an interference with the right to informational self-determination for an individual to be subject to automated risk assessment that is based on the blanket data... Read more
2.1.1.3 Sources - Categories - Written rules - Law of the European Union/EU Law.
2.3.2 Sources - Techniques of review - Concept of constitutionality dependent on a specified interpretation.
3.12 General Principles - Clarity and precision of legal provisions.
5.3.32.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life - Protection of personal data.
Aim, legitimate / Processing, data / Collection, data / Rights, Fundamental, Charter, European Union / Risk assessment, automated, data, personal.

SLOVENIA

SLO-2022-1-001 a) Slovenia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 16.09.2021 / e) U-I-8/21 / f) /
Human rights and fundamental freedoms may only be limited by a law. The legislature may, however, leave to the executive branch of government the more detailed regulation of limitations on such rights and freedoms in so far as they have been prescribed by the legislature itself. It may only do so if the authorising legislation prescribes with sufficient precision the criteria applicable to such... Read more
3.13 General Principles - Legality.
5.2.2.8 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Physical or mental disability.
5.3.44 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights of the child.
5.4.2 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to education.
COVID-19, pandemic, measures / Child, educational and recreational facilities, access / Children, special needs, condition, mental and physical / Disease, infectious, measures / School, learning distance.

SLO-2022-1-002 a) Slovenia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 07.10.2021 / e) U-I-155/20 / f) /
The legality principle is a fundamental constitutional principle. The legislature may adopt legislation that authorises the executive to adopt measures that implement it. When the legislature does so the legislation must set out the framework for, and provide guidelines regulating the content of, the implementing measures. The legislative intention, and value criteria for implementing the law,... Read more
3.13 General Principles - Legality.
5.3.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to life.
5.4.3 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to work.
5.4.6 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Commercial and industrial freedom.
5.4.19 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
COVID-19, pandemic, measures / Disease, infectious, measures / Freedom of enterprise, restriction / Freedom of economic activity / Freedom of work / Principle, legality / Regulation, implementing / Statutory basis, requirement, law, constitutional.

SLO-2022-1-003 a) Slovenia / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 10.12.2020 / e) U-I-210/21 / f) /
A Government ordinance required public sector employees to fulfil a ‘recovered-vaccinated’ requirement. The Constitutional Court established that the measure was not adopted in conformity with statutory requirements governing the implementation of (mandatory) vaccination provisions applicable to employees. As such it the measure was inconsistent with the principle of legality (Article 120.2 of... Read more
3.13 General Principles - Legality.
5.4.3 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to work.
5.4.19 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
COVID-19, pandemic, measures / Disease, infectious, measures / Employment, public-sector / Employment, health, protection, workplace / Employment, sanction, occupational / Health pass, requirement to show / Health, public, vaccination, compulsory / Vaccination, compulsory / Disease, infectious, vaccination, obligatory.

SOUTH AFRICA

RSA-2022-1-001 a) South Africa / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 04.02.2022 / e) CCT 257/2021 / f) Speaker of the National Assembly v Public Protector and Others; Democratic Alliance v. Public Protector and Others /
The Rules adopted by the National Assembly apply equally to all Chapter 9 institution office-bearers. The limitation imposed by Rule 129AD(3) on the right to legal representation was irrational as the National Assembly must ensure that the enquiry is conducted in a reasonable and procedurally fair manner and this requires full legal presentation. The appointment of a Judge to the independent... Read more
1.1.1.1.1 Constitutional Justice - Constitutional jurisdiction - Statute and organisation - Sources - Constitution.
1.3.5.9 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Parliamentary rules.
1.4.9.3.2 Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Parties - Representation - Legal representation other than the Bar.
1.5.4.3 Constitutional Justice - Decisions - Types - Finding of constitutionality or unconstitutionality.
3.4 General Principles - Separation of powers.
4.5.4.1 Institutions - Legislative bodies - Organisation - Rules of procedure.
Chapter 9 institution / Chapter 9 office bearer, removal / Rules drafted and adopted by National Assembly, constitutional validity / Competency to hold office.

RSA-2022-1-002 a) South Africa / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 16.02.2022 / e) CCT 14/19 / f) South African Human Rights Commission obo South African Jewish Board of Deputies v. Masuku and Another /
The Equality Act constitutes legislation promulgated in order to give effect to the right to not be unfairly discriminated against, as reflected in the Constitution. The Equality Act expressly regulates hate speech. In order to establish whether the impugned four statements constitute as hate speech, the Court will have to establish whether the statements amounted to, or qualified as, hate... Read more
5.2.2.3 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Ethnic origin.
5.2.2.6 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Religion.
5.3.19 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of opinion.
5.3.21 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
Bias arising from publications in the press / Hate speech / Limitation Clause / Recusal.

RSA-2022-1-003 a) South Africa / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 25.03.2022 / e) CCT 202/20 / f) NVM obo VKM v. Tembisa Hospital and Another /
Sections 7.2 and 27 of the South African Constitution, and the considerations of accountability and responsiveness, shed no light on whether the wrongful and negligent conduct of the hospital caused the injury suffered by the applicant’s baby. That is a purely factual question. A case is a "constitutional matter" in terms of Section 167.3.b.i of the Constitution where the resolution of a... Read more
1.1.1.1.1 Constitutional Justice - Constitutional jurisdiction - Statute and organisation - Sources - Constitution.
5.3.17 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to compensation for damage caused by the State.
5.4.19 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
Constitutional Court Jurisdiction / Medical Negligence / Factual Causation.

RSA-2022-1-004 a) South Africa / b) Constitutional Court / c) / d) 05.04.2022 / e) CCT 94/20 / f) AK v. Minister of Police /
A negligently conducted police search and investigation, which causes a person harm, can be wrongful and give rise to delictual liability. An aggrieved party must prove the five elements of delict, namely, act/omission, wrongfulness, fault, causation and damage/harm.
4.6.10.1.2 Institutions - Executive bodies - Liability - Legal liability - Civil liability.
4.11.2 Institutions - Armed forces, police forces and secret services - Police forces.
4.14 Institutions - Activities and duties assigned to the State by the Constitution.
Investigation, criminal law / Investigation, inadequate / Investigation, obligation / Tort, constitutional / Police, defective exercise of duty / Police, investigation.

SWEDEN

SWE-2022-1-001 a) Sweden / b) Supreme Administrative Court / c) / d) 04.03.2022 / e) 6184-19 / f) /
It is not an infringement of the right to a fair trial to refuse to order the reimbursement of legal costs in an administrative judicial procedure when their reimbursement can be sought in a separate, civil procedure.
2.1.1.1.1 Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules - Constitution.
2.1.1.4.4 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - European Convention on Human Rights of 1950.
2.1.3.2.1 Sources - Categories - Case-law - International case-law - European Court of Human Rights.
5.3.13.1.4 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Litigious administrative proceedings.
Costs, legal / Costs, legal, reimbursement, refusal.

SWE-2022-1-002 a) Sweden / b) Supreme Administrative Court / c) / d) 07.03.2022 / e) 1513-20 / f) /
It is not in violation of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms for a person over the age of 18, who has socially degrading behaviour, to be placed in compulsory care involving detention.
5.3.5.1.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty - Non-penal measures.
Care, compulsory, adult / Care, compulsory, detention, adult.

SWE-2022-1-003 a) Sweden / b) Supreme Administrative Court / c) / d) 02.05.2022 / e) 1454-21 / f) /
A decision by the Public Employment Service to dismiss an application to review a termination of an activity within the Job and Development Guarantee programme cannot be appealed to an administrative court.
5.3.13.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.
Employment.

SWITZERLAND

SUI-2022-1-001 a) Switzerland / b) Federal Court / c) First Chamber droit public / d) 22.04.2021 / e) 1B_285/2020 / f) A. v. Public Prosecutor’s Office of Basel-City canton /
Article 8 ECHR; Articles 10.2, 13.2, 16, 22 and 36 of the Federal Constitution; Articles 197.1, 255.1.a and 260 of the Code of Criminal Procedure; restriction on fundamental rights through the creation of a DNA profile and the recording of identifying data in connection with participation in a peaceful demonstration. Criticism of federal case law to the effect that creating a DNA profile... Read more
5.1.4 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Limits and restrictions.
5.3.19 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of opinion.
5.3.28 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of assembly.
5.3.32.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life - Protection of personal data.
Analysis, DNA / Personal data, collection / Personal data, retention / Biometric data, storage / Fingerprint / Freedom of peaceful assembly / Freedom of opinion / Demonstration / Measure of restraint / Restriction, freedom / Privacy, invasion, proportionality.

SUI-2022-1-002 a) Switzerland / b) Federal Court / c) Second Court of Public Law / d) 26.05.2021 / e) 1C_33/2020 / f) Swiss Broadcasting Corporation v. A. and others as well as the Cantonal Criminal Investigation Office of St Gallen /
Articles 13, 16, 17, 29.2 and 30.3 of the Federal Constitution, Article 6.1 ECHR, Article 14.1 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; Article 99.1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and Article 35.2.g of the law introducing the code of criminal procedure and the federal law on criminal procedure applicable to minors in St. Gallen canton; media request for access to the file... Read more
3.17 General Principles - Weighing of interests.
5.3.13.11 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Public judgments.
5.3.13.18 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Reasoning.
5.3.22 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of the written press.
5.3.24 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to information.
5.3.32 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.
Media / Criminal proceedings, access to the case file / Document, right of access, limit / Public character of proceedings / Public interest / Privacy, right / Right to self-determination in relation to data / Balancing of interests.

UKRAINE

UKR-2022-1-001 a) Ukraine / b) Constitutional Court / c) Second Senate / d) 06.04.2022 / e) 1-r(II) / f) Constitutionality of Article 16.³.4 of the Law on "Social and Legal Protection of Servicemen and Members of Their Families" (constitutionality) (case on enhanced social protection of servicemen) /
Article 16³.4 of the Law on "Social and Legal Protection of Servicemen and Members of Their Families" of 20 December 1991 does not comply with the Constitution.
4.11.1 Institutions - Armed forces, police forces and secret services - Armed forces.
5.1.1.4.4 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Military personnel.
5.2.2.8 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Physical or mental disability.
5.4.14 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to social security.
Military service / Defence, national / Disability / Social protection, right / Monetary allowance, one-time.

UNITED KINGDOM

GBR-2022-1-001 a) United Kingdom / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 02.02.2022 / e) / f) R (on the application of O (a minor, by her litigation friend AO)) (Appellant) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department (Respondent) /
The legality of subordinate legislation which set the fee at which a child or young person could apply to be registered as a British citizen at a level which many young applicants would find unaffordable was simply a matter of statutory construction of the Act which authorised the making of the subordination legislation.
2.1.3.1 Sources - Categories - Case-law - Domestic case-law.
4.6.3.2 Institutions - Executive bodies - Application of laws - Delegated rule-making powers.
5.1.1 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights.
5.3.8 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to citizenship or nationality.
Citizenship, registration, fee, children.

GBR-2022-1-002 a) United Kingdom / b) Judicial Committee of the Privy Council / c) / d) 14.03.2022 / e) / f) Attorney General for Bermuda v. Ferguson and others /
Bermudian legislation confining marriage to a union between a man and a woman and excluding same-sex couples from marriage is not contrary to the Bermudian Constitution.
2.1.1.4.4 Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - European Convention on Human Rights of 1950.
2.1.3.2 Sources - Categories - Case-law - International case-law.
5.2.2.11 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Sexual orientation.
5.2.2.12 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Civil status.
5.3.18 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of conscience.
5.3.19 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of opinion.
5.3.34 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to marriage.
Same-sex marriage / Law, Bermuda / Religiously motivated legislation.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

USA-2022-1-001 a) United States of America / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 13.01.2022 / e) 21A240 / f) Biden v. Missouri /
The Secretary of Health and Human Services does not exceed its statutory authority in issuing an interim final rule amending the conditions of participation in Medicare and Medicaid by adding a requirement that participating healthcare facilities ensure that their staff is vaccinated against COVID-19. An interim final rule amending conditions of participation in Medicare and Medicaid, whichadds... Read more
1.3.5.8 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Rules issued by federal or regional entities.
5.4.19 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
COVID-19, pandemic / Vaccination / Assistance, government / Health insurance.

USA-2022-1-002 a) United States of America / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 13.01.2022 / e) 21A244 / f) National Federation of Independent Business v. OSHA /
Congress is expected to speak clearly when authorising a federal agency to exercise powers of vast economic and political significance. While COVID-19 is a risk that occurs in many workplaces, it is not an occupational hazard in the sense that it would empower the Occupational Safety and Health Administration to issue an emergency temporary standard necessary to protect employees against grave... Read more
1.3.4.3 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Distribution of powers between central government and federal or regional entities.
5.4.17 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to just and decent working conditions.
5.4.19 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
COVID-19, pandemic / Vaccination / Government, power / Workplace safety.

USA-2022-1-003 a) United States of America / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 21.04.2022 / e) 20-303 / f) United States v. Vaello Madero /
Congress may distinguish U.S. Territories from the States in tax and benefits programs, consistent with equal protection, so long as Congress has a rational basis for doing so.
5.2.1.3 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Social security.
5.2.2.4 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Citizenship or nationality.
5.4.14 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to social security.
Territory / Clause, territory / Benefit, governmental / Equal protection.

USA-2022-1-004 a) United States of America / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 02.05.2022 / e) 20-1800 / f) Shurtleff v. City of Boston /
When a government speaks for itself, the First Amendment of the Constitution does not demand airtime for all views. When a government does not speak for itself, it may not exclude speech based on religious viewpoint; doing so constitutes impermissible viewpoint discrimination. Determining what constitutes government speech requires a holistic inquiry, including looking at the history of the... Read more
3.7 General Principles - Relations between the State and bodies of a religious or ideological nature.
5.2.2.6 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Religion.
5.3.21 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
Government speech, flag / Discrimination, religious viewpoint.

USA-2022-1-005 a) United States of America / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 16.05.2022 / e) 21-12 / f) Federal Election Commission v. Ted Cruz for Senate /
An injury resulting from the application or threatened application of an unlawful enactment remains fairly traceable to such application, even if the injury could be described in some sense as willingly incurred. The First Amendment safeguards the ability of a political candidate to use personal funds to finance campaign speech, protecting their freedom to speak without legislative limit on... Read more
1.4.9.1 Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Parties - Locus standi.
4.9.8.1 Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Electoral campaign and campaign material - Campaign financing.
5.3.21 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
Political speech / Contribution limit, political candidate / Corruption, quid pro quo.

USA-2022-1-006 a) United States of America / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 13.06.2022 / e) 20-7622 / f) Denezpi v. United States /
The Double Jeopardy Clause does not prohibit twice placing a person in jeopardy for the same conduct or action, but instead, it prohibits placing a person in jeopardy for the same offense. Under the dual-sovereignty doctrine, an offense defined by one sovereign is necessarily different from an offense defined by another, even when the offenses have identical elements, and thus, a person can be... Read more
4.7.12 Institutions - Judicial bodies - Special courts.
5.3.13.1.3 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Criminal proceedings.
5.3.14 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Ne bis in idem.
Double jeopardy / Indigenous people / Dual sovereignty.

USA-2022-1-007 a) United States of America / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 15.06.2022 / e) 20-1034 / f) Golan v. Saada /
The Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction leaves contracting states free to require or not require consideration of ameliorative measures in determining whether the return of the child to his or her country of habitual residence would expose the child to grave risk of harm.
1.3.5.1 Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - International treaties.
5.1.1.4.1 Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Minors.
5.3.44 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights of the child.
Hague Convention / Child, custody / Child, abduction, international.

USA-2022-1-008 a) United States of America / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 21.06.2022 / e) 20-1088 / f) Carson v. Makin /
The Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment protects against indirect coercion or penalties on the free exercise of religion, not just outright prohibitions. Under the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment, a state need not subsidise private education, but once it decides to do so, it cannot disqualify some private schools solely because they are religious. A state's... Read more
3.7 General Principles - Relations between the State and bodies of a religious or ideological nature.
5.2.2.6 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Religion.
5.3.20 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of worship.
School, private, financial support / School, private, equal treatment / Nonsectarian, institution.

USA-2022-1-009 a) United States of America / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 24.06.2022 / e) 19-1392 / f) Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organisation /
The Constitution of the United States does not confer a right to abortion; the authority to regulate abortion is returned to the people and their elected representatives. The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees some substantive rights that are not mentioned in the Constitution, but any such right must be deeply rooted in the Nation's history and tradition and be implicit in... Read more
1.6.3.1 Constitutional Justice - Effects - Effect erga omnes - Stare decisis.
5.3.2 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to life.
5.3.5.1 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty.
5.4.19 Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.
Abortion / Reproductive Rights / Precedent, overruled.

USA-2022-1-010 a) United States of America / b) Supreme Court / c) / d) 27.06.2022 / e) 20-418 / f) Kennedy v. Bremerton School District /
A plaintiff may carry the burden of proving a free exercise violation under the First Amendment in various ways, including by showing that a government entity has burdened their sincere religious practice pursuant to a policy that is not neutral or generally applicable. The First Amendment’s free speech protections extend to teachers and students, neither of whom shed their constitutional rights... Read more
5.2.1.2.2 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Employment - In public law.
5.2.2.6 Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Religion.
5.3.20 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of worship.
5.3.21 Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.
Public servant, free speech, prayer / Prayer at school.

B. Systematic Thesaurus
1.1.1.1.1Constitutional Justice - Constitutional jurisdiction - Statute and organisation - Sources - Constitution.MNE-2022-1-001, RSA-2022-1-001, RSA-2022-1-003
1.1.2.4Constitutional Justice - Constitutional jurisdiction - Composition, recruitment and structure - Appointment of members.CRO-2022-1-002, MNE-2022-1-001
1.1.3.1Constitutional Justice - Constitutional jurisdiction - Status of the members of the court - Term of office of Members.MNE-2022-1-001
1.1.3.9Constitutional Justice - Constitutional jurisdiction - Status of the members of the court - End of office.MNE-2022-1-001
1.1.4.4Constitutional Justice - Constitutional jurisdiction - Relations with other institutions - Courts.MDA-2022-1-002
1.2.1.2Constitutional Justice - Types of claim - Claim by a public body - Legislative bodies.KOS-2022-1-001
1.2.1.6Constitutional Justice - Types of claim - Claim by a public body - Local self-government body.KOS-2022-1-002
1.2.2.3Constitutional Justice - Types of claim - Claim by a private body or individual - Profit-making corporate body.GER-2022-1-006
1.2.3Constitutional Justice - Types of claim - Referral by a court.AZE-2022-1-001, AZE-2022-1-002
1.3.2.1Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Type of review - Preliminary / ex post facto review.GER-2022-1-005, KOS-2022-1-001
1.3.2.2Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Type of review - Abstract / concrete review.CRO-2022-1-003, MDA-2022-1-002
1.3.4.1Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Litigation in respect of fundamental rights and freedoms.MDA-2022-1-002
1.3.4.3Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Distribution of powers between central government and federal or regional entities.GER-2022-1-006, USA-2022-1-002
1.3.4.4Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Powers of local authorities.KOS-2022-1-002
1.3.4.7.2Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Restrictive proceedings - Withdrawal of civil rights.POR-2022-1-001, POR-2022-1-002, POR-2022-1-003, POR-2022-1-004
1.3.4.10Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Litigation in respect of the constitutionality of enactments.NOR-2022-1-001
1.3.4.10.1Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Litigation in respect of the constitutionality of enactments - Limits of the legislative competence.GER-2022-1-006
1.3.4.14Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - Types of litigation - Distribution of powers between the EU and member states.GER-2022-1-004
1.3.5.1Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - International treaties.GER-2022-1-004, USA-2022-1-007
1.3.5.5Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Laws and other rules having the force of law.KOS-2022-1-001
1.3.5.8Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Rules issued by federal or regional entities.USA-2022-1-001
1.3.5.9Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Parliamentary rules.RSA-2022-1-001
1.3.5.12Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Court decisions.CRO-2022-1-003
1.3.5.13Constitutional Justice - Jurisdiction - The subject of review - Administrative acts.KOS-2022-1-002
1.4Constitutional Justice - Procedure.FRA-2022-1-004
1.4.2Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Summary procedure.GER-2022-1-005
1.4.9.1Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Parties - Locus standi.USA-2022-1-005
1.4.9.3.2Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Parties - Representation - Legal representation other than the Bar.RSA-2022-1-001
1.4.10.6Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Interlocutory proceedings - Challenging of a judge.FRA-2022-1-004
1.4.10.7Constitutional Justice - Procedure - Interlocutory proceedings - Request for a preliminary ruling by the Court of Justice of the EU.ITA-2022-1-001, ITA-2022-1-002, ITA-2022-1-004
1.5.4.3Constitutional Justice - Decisions - Types - Finding of constitutionality or unconstitutionality.ITA-2022-1-002, ITA-2022-1-003, RSA-2022-1-001
1.6.3.1Constitutional Justice - Effects - Effect erga omnes - Stare decisis.USA-2022-1-009
1.6.4Constitutional Justice - Effects - Effect inter partes.ECJ-2022-1-003
1.6.6.1Constitutional Justice - Effects - Execution - Body responsible for supervising execution.CRO-2022-1-002
1.6.9.1Constitutional Justice - Effects - Consequences for other cases - Ongoing cases.CRO-2022-1-002
2.1.1.1Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules.ITA-2022-1-001, ITA-2022-1-002, ITA-2022-1-003, ITA-2022-1-004, KOS-2022-1-001
2.1.1.1.1Sources - Categories - Written rules - National rules - Constitution.AZE-2022-1-001, AZE-2022-1-002, ITA-2022-1-002, ITA-2022-1-003, ITA-2022-1-004, KOS-2022-1-002, MDA-2022-1-005, NOR-2022-1-001, SWE-2022-1-001
2.1.1.3Sources - Categories - Written rules - Law of the European Union/EU Law.ITA-2022-1-001, ITA-2022-1-002, ITA-2022-1-003, SVK-2022-1-001
2.1.1.4Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments.MDA-2022-1-003, MKD-2022-1-001
2.1.1.4.4Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - European Convention on Human Rights of 1950.AZE-2022-1-001, AZE-2022-1-002, GBR-2022-1-002, ITA-2022-1-001, ITA-2022-1-002, KOS-2022-1-001, MDA-2022-1-001, MDA-2022-1-003, MDA-2022-1-006, SWE-2022-1-001
2.1.1.4.12Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women of 1979.ARG-2022-1-001
2.1.1.4.14Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - European Charter of Local Self-Government of 1985.KOS-2022-1-002
2.1.1.4.18Sources - Categories - Written rules - International instruments - Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union of 2000.ITA-2022-1-001, ITA-2022-1-002, ITA-2022-1-003
2.1.3.1Sources - Categories - Case-law - Domestic case-law.CRO-2022-1-001, GBR-2022-1-001, KOS-2022-1-001, KOS-2022-1-002
2.1.3.2Sources - Categories - Case-law - International case-law.GBR-2022-1-002
2.1.3.2.1Sources - Categories - Case-law - International case-law - European Court of Human Rights.ITA-2022-1-001, ITA-2022-1-002, KOS-2022-1-001, MDA-2022-1-001, MDA-2022-1-002, MDA-2022-1-006, SWE-2022-1-001
2.2.1.1Sources - Hierarchy - Hierarchy as between national and non-national sources - Treaties and constitutions.GER-2022-1-004
2.2.1.6Sources - Hierarchy - Hierarchy as between national and non-national sources - Law of the European Union/EU Law and domestic law.ITA-2022-1-001, ITA-2022-1-002, ITA-2022-1-003
2.2.1.6.3Sources - Hierarchy - Hierarchy as between national and non-national sources - Law of the European Union/EU Law and domestic law - EU secondary law and constitutions.GER-2022-1-004
2.2.2.2Sources - Hierarchy - Hierarchy as between national sources - The Constitution and other sources of domestic law.ITA-2022-1-003
2.3.1Sources - Techniques of review - Concept of manifest error in assessing evidence or exercising discretion.ARG-2022-1-001
2.3.2Sources - Techniques of review - Concept of constitutionality dependent on a specified interpretation.SVK-2022-1-001
2.3.8Sources - Techniques of review - Systematic interpretation.ITA-2022-1-003, ITA-2022-1-004
3.1General Principles - Sovereignty.GER-2022-1-004
3.3.1General Principles - Democracy - Representative democracy.GER-2022-1-001, GER-2022-1-004
3.4General Principles - Separation of powers.BUL-2022-1-001, BUL-2022-1-002, CRO-2022-1-001, ECJ-2022-1-003, GER-2022-1-005, MDA-2022-1-007, RSA-2022-1-001
3.5General Principles - Social State.BUL-2022-1-004
3.7General Principles - Relations between the State and bodies of a religious or ideological nature.MEX-2022-1-003, USA-2022-1-004, USA-2022-1-008
3.9General Principles - Rule of law.BUL-2022-1-001, BUL-2022-1-002, BUL-2022-1-004, ECJ-2022-1-002, ITA-2022-1-001, ITA-2022-1-002, MDA-2022-1-005
3.10General Principles - Certainty of the law.AZE-2022-1-001, ECJ-2022-1-002, MDA-2022-1-002, MDA-2022-1-003, POR-2022-1-004
3.11General Principles - Vested and/or acquired rights.BUL-2022-1-003
3.12General Principles - Clarity and precision of legal provisions.BIH-2022-1-001, CZE-2022-1-002, GER-2022-1-005, GER-2022-1-007, KOR-2022-1-002, MDA-2022-1-002, MDA-2022-1-003, SVK-2022-1-001
3.13General Principles - Legality.CRO-2022-1-001, SLO-2022-1-001, SLO-2022-1-002, SLO-2022-1-003
3.14General Principles - Nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege.KOR-2022-1-002
3.16General Principles - Proportionality.AUT-2022-1-001, BIH-2022-1-002, BUL-2022-1-003, CZE-2022-1-002, ECJ-2022-1-001, ECJ-2022-1-002, ECJ-2022-1-006, FRA-2022-1-002, GER-2022-1-006, KOR-2022-1-001, KOR-2022-1-002, KOR-2022-1-003, MDA-2022-1-002, MDA-2022-1-006, POR-2022-1-005
3.17General Principles - Weighing of interests.AUT-2022-1-001, BIH-2022-1-002, GER-2022-1-002, GER-2022-1-005, GER-2022-1-006, ITA-2022-1-001, ITA-2022-1-002, KOR-2022-1-001, KOR-2022-1-002, MDA-2022-1-001, MDA-2022-1-002, SUI-2022-1-002
3.18General Principles - General interest.ECJ-2022-1-002, GER-2022-1-005, GER-2022-1-006, MDA-2022-1-002
3.19General Principles - Margin of appreciation.FRA-2022-1-002, GER-2022-1-001, GER-2022-1-005, GER-2022-1-006, ITA-2022-1-003
3.20General Principles - Reasonableness.ITA-2022-1-001, ITA-2022-1-002, ITA-2022-1-003
3.21General Principles - Equality.BUL-2022-1-003, BUL-2022-1-004
3.22General Principles - Prohibition of arbitrariness.ARG-2022-1-001
3.26General Principles - Fundamental principles of the Internal Market.ECJ-2022-1-008
4.4.3.3Institutions - Head of State - Powers - Relations with judicial bodies.MDA-2022-1-007
4.4.4.1Institutions - Head of State - Appointment - Necessary qualifications.GER-2022-1-001
4.5.3.1Institutions - Legislative bodies - Composition - Election of members.GER-2022-1-001
4.5.4.1Institutions - Legislative bodies - Organisation - Rules of procedure.RSA-2022-1-001
4.5.7Institutions - Legislative bodies - Relations with the executive bodies.BUL-2022-1-002
4.5.8Institutions - Legislative bodies - Relations with judicial bodies.BUL-2022-1-002, MDA-2022-1-002
4.5.10.3Institutions - Legislative bodies - Political parties - Role.MEX-2022-1-005
4.6.2Institutions - Executive bodies - Powers.BUL-2022-1-001, POR-2022-1-004
4.6.3.1Institutions - Executive bodies - Application of laws - Autonomous rule-making powers.POR-2022-1-004
4.6.3.2Institutions - Executive bodies - Application of laws - Delegated rule-making powers.GBR-2022-1-001
4.6.6Institutions - Executive bodies - Relations with judicial bodies.MDA-2022-1-002
4.6.10.1.2Institutions - Executive bodies - Liability - Legal liability - Civil liability.RSA-2022-1-004
4.7.1Institutions - Judicial bodies - Jurisdiction.ECJ-2022-1-003, MDA-2022-1-002
4.7.4.1.2Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members - Appointment.ECJ-2022-1-004, MDA-2022-1-005
4.7.4.1.4Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members - Term of office.ECH-2022-1-003, MDA-2022-1-005
4.7.4.1.5Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members - End of office.BUL-2022-1-001
4.7.4.1.6Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members - Status.MDA-2022-1-005
4.7.4.1.6.2Institutions - Judicial bodies - Organisation - Members - Status - Discipline.BUL-2022-1-001, KOR-2022-1-003
4.7.5Institutions - Judicial bodies - Supreme Judicial Council or equivalent body.MDA-2022-1-005
4.7.6Institutions - Judicial bodies - Relations with bodies of international jurisdiction.MDA-2022-1-003
4.7.8Institutions - Judicial bodies - Ordinary courts.MDA-2022-1-003
4.7.8.1Institutions - Judicial bodies - Ordinary courts - Civil courts.MDA-2022-1-002
4.7.8.2Institutions - Judicial bodies - Ordinary courts - Criminal courts.CZE-2022-1-003
4.7.12Institutions - Judicial bodies - Special courts.USA-2022-1-006
4.8.2Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Regions and provinces.GER-2022-1-001, GER-2022-1-006
4.8.3Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Municipalities.GER-2022-1-006, KOS-2022-1-002
4.8.4.1Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Basic principles - Autonomy.KOS-2022-1-002
4.8.6.3Institutions - Federalism, regionalism and local self-government - Institutional aspects - Courts.GER-2022-1-001
4.9.2Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Referenda and other instruments of direct democracy.MEX-2022-1-006
4.9.6Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Representation of minorities.MEX-2022-1-001
4.9.7.2Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Preliminary procedures - Registration of parties and candidates.GER-2022-1-001
4.9.8.1Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Electoral campaign and campaign material - Campaign financing.USA-2022-1-005
4.9.8.2Institutions - Elections and instruments of direct democracy - Electoral campaign and campaign material - Campaign expenses.MEX-2022-1-004
4.10Institutions - Public finances.GER-2022-1-006
4.10.1Institutions - Public finances - Principles.BUL-2022-1-003
4.10.2Institutions - Public finances - Budget.ECJ-2022-1-002, MEX-2022-1-006
4.11.1Institutions - Armed forces, police forces and secret services - Armed forces.UKR-2022-1-001
4.11.2Institutions - Armed forces, police forces and secret services - Police forces.RSA-2022-1-004
4.14Institutions - Activities and duties assigned to the State by the Constitution.RSA-2022-1-004
4.16.1Institutions - International relations - Transfer of powers to international institutions.GER-2022-1-004
4.17.1.1Institutions - European Union - Institutional structure - European Parliament.ECJ-2022-1-002
4.17.1.3Institutions - European Union - Institutional structure - Council of Ministers.ECJ-2022-1-002
4.17.1.4Institutions - European Union - Institutional structure - European Commission.ECJ-2022-1-002
4.17.2Institutions - European Union - Distribution of powers between the EU and member states.GER-2022-1-004, ITA-2022-1-004
4.17.2.1Institutions - European Union - Distribution of powers between the EU and member states - Sincere co-operation between EU institutions and member States.ECJ-2022-1-003, ITA-2022-1-001, ITA-2022-1-002
4.17.3Institutions - European Union - Distribution of powers between institutions of the EU.ECJ-2022-1-002
4.18Institutions - State of emergency and emergency powers.LAT-2022-1-002, POR-2022-1-001, POR-2022-1-002, POR-2022-1-003
5.1.1Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights.GBR-2022-1-001
5.1.1.2Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Citizens of the European Union and non-citizens with similar status.ECJ-2022-1-008
5.1.1.3.1Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Foreigners - Refugees and applicants for refugee status.ECJ-2022-1-005
5.1.1.4.1Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Minors.USA-2022-1-007
5.1.1.4.4Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Natural persons - Military personnel.UKR-2022-1-001
5.1.1.5.1Fundamental Rights - General questions - Entitlement to rights - Legal persons - Private law.BUL-2022-1-003
5.1.3Fundamental Rights - General questions - Positive obligation of the state.BEL-2022-1-002, ECH-2022-1-004, GER-2022-1-003, SRB-2022-1-001
5.1.4Fundamental Rights - General questions - Limits and restrictions.BUL-2022-1-003, ECJ-2022-1-008, GER-2022-1-007, MDA-2022-1-004, SUI-2022-1-001
5.1.4.3Fundamental Rights - General questions - Limits and restrictions - Subsequent review of limitation.MDA-2022-1-002
5.1.5Fundamental Rights - General questions - Emergency situations.GER-2022-1-005
5.2Fundamental Rights - Equality.CRO-2022-1-001, ITA-2022-1-003, ITA-2022-1-004, KOS-2022-1-001, LAT-2022-1-002
5.2.1.1Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Public burdens.GER-2022-1-006
5.2.1.2Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Employment.CRO-2022-1-002, ECJ-2022-1-006
5.2.1.2.1Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Employment - In private law.KOR-2022-1-004
5.2.1.2.2Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Employment - In public law.USA-2022-1-010
5.2.1.3Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Social security.BUL-2022-1-004, ECJ-2022-1-006, ITA-2022-1-004, USA-2022-1-003
5.2.1.4Fundamental Rights - Equality - Scope of application - Elections.ECJ-2022-1-008, GER-2022-1-001
5.2.2Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction.KOR-2022-1-004
5.2.2.1Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Gender.ARG-2022-1-001, GER-2022-1-001, KOR-2022-1-003, MEX-2022-1-002
5.2.2.3Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Ethnic origin.RSA-2022-1-002
5.2.2.4Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Citizenship or nationality.USA-2022-1-003
5.2.2.6Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Religion.RSA-2022-1-002, USA-2022-1-004, USA-2022-1-008, USA-2022-1-010
5.2.2.7Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Age.BUL-2022-1-004
5.2.2.8Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Physical or mental disability.MKD-2022-1-001, SLO-2022-1-001, UKR-2022-1-001
5.2.2.11Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Sexual orientation.GBR-2022-1-002
5.2.2.12Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Civil status.GBR-2022-1-002, MKD-2022-1-001
5.2.2.13Fundamental Rights - Equality - Criteria of distinction - Differentiation ratione temporis.KOR-2022-1-003
5.2.3Fundamental Rights - Equality - Affirmative action.GER-2022-1-001, MEX-2022-1-002
5.3.1Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to dignity.CZE-2022-1-003, ITA-2022-1-001
5.3.2Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to life.BEL-2022-1-002, GER-2022-1-003, GER-2022-1-005, GER-2022-1-006, ITA-2022-1-001, MEX-2022-1-005, SLO-2022-1-002, USA-2022-1-009
5.3.3Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Prohibition of torture and inhuman and degrading treatment.ECJ-2022-1-005
5.3.4Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to physical and psychological integrity.ARG-2022-1-001, GER-2022-1-003, GER-2022-1-005, GER-2022-1-006
5.3.5.1Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty.FRA-2022-1-002, ITA-2022-1-001, ITA-2022-1-002, POR-2022-1-001, POR-2022-1-002, POR-2022-1-003, POR-2022-1-004, USA-2022-1-009
5.3.5.1.1Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty - Arrest.ITA-2022-1-001, ITA-2022-1-002
5.3.5.1.2Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Deprivation of liberty - Non-penal measures.SWE-2022-1-002
5.3.5.2Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Individual liberty - Prohibition of forced or compulsory labour.SRB-2022-1-001
5.3.6Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of movement.ECJ-2022-1-008, FRA-2022-1-002
5.3.8Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to citizenship or nationality.ECJ-2022-1-001, GBR-2022-1-001
5.3.9Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right of residence.ECJ-2022-1-008
5.3.10Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights of domicile and establishment.ECJ-2022-1-006
5.3.11Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right of asylum.ECJ-2022-1-005
5.3.12Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Security of the person.ARG-2022-1-001, CZE-2022-1-002
5.3.13Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial.BIH-2022-1-001, CRO-2022-1-001, CZE-2022-1-001, CZE-2022-1-002, MDA-2022-1-001, MDA-2022-1-004
5.3.13.1.2Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Civil proceedings.LAT-2022-1-001, UKR-2022-1-002
5.3.13.1.3Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Criminal proceedings.AZE-2022-1-001, ECJ-2022-1-004, ITA-2022-1-001, ITA-2022-1-002, MDA-2022-1-001, MDA-2022-1-003, USA-2022-1-006
5.3.13.1.4Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Scope - Litigious administrative proceedings.SWE-2022-1-001
5.3.13.2Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Effective remedy.ECJ-2022-1-003, ECJ-2022-1-007, MDA-2022-1-003
5.3.13.3Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Access to courts.BEL-2022-1-001, ECH-2022-1-003, LAT-2022-1-001, MDA-2022-1-003, SWE-2022-1-003, UKR-2022-1-002
5.3.13.7Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right to participate in the administration of justice.AZE-2022-1-001
5.3.13.8Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right of access to the file.MDA-2022-1-001
5.3.13.11Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Public judgments.SUI-2022-1-002
5.3.13.13Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Trial/decision within reasonable time.CRO-2022-1-002, ECJ-2022-1-007, SRB-2022-1-001
5.3.13.14Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Independence.CRO-2022-1-001, ECJ-2022-1-003, ECJ-2022-1-007
5.3.13.15Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Impartiality.ECJ-2022-1-004, ECJ-2022-1-007
5.3.13.17Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Rules of evidence.ARG-2022-1-001, CZE-2022-1-001
5.3.13.18Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Reasoning.SUI-2022-1-002
5.3.13.19Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Equality of arms.MDA-2022-1-001
5.3.13.20Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Adversarial principle.FRA-2022-1-004
5.3.13.22Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Presumption of innocence.CZE-2022-1-001
5.3.13.23.1Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right to remain silent - Right not to incriminate oneself.CZE-2022-1-002
5.3.13.26Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right to have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of the case.MDA-2022-1-001
5.3.13.27.1Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Procedural safeguards, rights of the defence and fair trial - Right to counsel - Right to paid legal assistance.LAT-2022-1-003
5.3.14Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Ne bis in idem.USA-2022-1-006, AZE-2022-1-002
5.3.15Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights of victims of crime.CZE-2022-1-003
5.3.17Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to compensation for damage caused by the State.RSA-2022-1-003
5.3.18Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of conscience.BEL-2022-1-002, GBR-2022-1-002
5.3.19Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of opinion.GBR-2022-1-002, GER-2022-1-002, RSA-2022-1-002, SUI-2022-1-001
5.3.20Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of worship.USA-2022-1-008, USA-2022-1-010
5.3.21Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of expression.AUT-2022-1-001, CZE-2022-1-003, ECH-2022-1-002, FIN-2022-1-001, FRA-2022-1-002, GER-2022-1-002, KOR-2022-1-001, KOR-2022-1-002, MDA-2022-1-003, MEX-2022-1-005, RSA-2022-1-002, USA-2022-1-004, USA-2022-1-005, USA-2022-1-010
5.3.22Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of the written press.SUI-2022-1-002
5.3.23Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights in respect of the audiovisual media and other means of mass communication.ECH-2022-1-002, KOR-2022-1-002
5.3.24Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to information.MDA-2022-1-002, MDA-2022-1-003, SUI-2022-1-002
5.3.27Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of association.ECH-2022-1-001
5.3.28Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Freedom of assembly.AUT-2022-1-001, FRA-2022-1-002, SUI-2022-1-001
5.3.29Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to participate in public affairs.MDA-2022-1-006
5.3.29.1Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to participate in public affairs - Right to participate in political activity.FRA-2022-1-002
5.3.31Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to respect for one's honour and reputation.ECH-2022-1-002, GER-2022-1-002, KOR-2022-1-001
5.3.32Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life.BEL-2022-1-002, BIH-2022-1-002, CZE-2022-1-002, CZE-2022-1-003, ECH-2022-1-004, KOR-2022-1-001, MDA-2022-1-001, MDA-2022-1-002, SUI-2022-1-002
5.3.32.1Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to private life - Protection of personal data.CZE-2022-1-002, FRA-2022-1-001, FRA-2022-1-003, GER-2022-1-007, LIE-2022-1-001, SUI-2022-1-001, SVK-2022-1-001
5.3.33Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life.BIH-2022-1-002, ECH-2022-1-004, ECJ-2022-1-005, ITA-2022-1-002, ITA-2022-1-003, MKD-2022-1-001, POR-2022-1-005
5.3.33.2Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to family life - Succession.BIH-2022-1-002
5.3.34Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to marriage.GBR-2022-1-002
5.3.35Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Inviolability of the home.GER-2022-1-007, NOR-2022-1-001
5.3.36Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Inviolability of communications.FRA-2022-1-003, GER-2022-1-007
5.3.39Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to property.GER-2022-1-003, GER-2022-1-006, MDA-2022-1-006
5.3.39.3Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Right to property - Other limitations.BUL-2022-1-003, LAT-2022-1-002
5.3.41Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Electoral rights.MEX-2022-1-002
5.3.41.2Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Electoral rights - Right to stand for election.GER-2022-1-001
5.3.41.3Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Electoral rights - Freedom of voting.GER-2022-1-001
5.3.44Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Rights of the child.ECJ-2022-1-005, MKD-2022-1-001, POR-2022-1-005, SLO-2022-1-001, USA-2022-1-007
5.3.45Fundamental Rights - Civil and political rights - Protection of minorities and persons belonging to minorities.MEX-2022-1-001
5.4.2Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to education.SLO-2022-1-001
5.4.3Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to work.CRO-2022-1-002, KOR-2022-1-004, SLO-2022-1-002, SLO-2022-1-003
5.4.4Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Freedom to choose one's profession.GER-2022-1-005, GER-2022-1-006
5.4.6Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Commercial and industrial freedom.KOR-2022-1-004, SLO-2022-1-002
5.4.10Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to strike.ECH-2022-1-001
5.4.11Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Freedom of trade unions.ECH-2022-1-001
5.4.14Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to social security.ITA-2022-1-003, ITA-2022-1-004, KOR-2022-1-004, UKR-2022-1-001, USA-2022-1-003
5.4.15Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to unemployment benefits.ITA-2022-1-004, KOR-2022-1-004
5.4.16Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to a pension.BUL-2022-1-004, KOR-2022-1-004
5.4.17Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to just and decent working conditions.KOR-2022-1-004, USA-2022-1-002
5.4.18Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to a sufficient standard of living.ITA-2022-1-003, ITA-2022-1-004
5.4.19Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to health.FRA-2022-1-002, GER-2022-1-005, GER-2022-1-006, ITA-2022-1-001, ITA-2022-1-004, LAT-2022-1-002, RSA-2022-1-003, SLO-2022-1-002, SLO-2022-1-003, USA-2022-1-001, USA-2022-1-002, USA-2022-1-009
5.4.20Fundamental Rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to culture.FIN-2022-1-002, FIN-2022-1-003
5.5.1Fundamental Rights - Collective rights - Right to the environment.GER-2022-1-003, GER-2022-1-006
5.5.4Fundamental Rights - Collective rights - Right to self-determination.MEX-2022-1-001

C. Alphabetical Index

Abortion USA-2022-1-009
Abstract review, limit CRO-2022-1-003
Accountability BUL-2022-1-001
Act, administrative, cancellation ECJ-2022-1-001
Adoption BIH-2022-1-002
Adoption, age limit BIH-2022-1-002
Adoption, maximum age POR-2022-1-005
Adoption, right, family MKD-2022-1-001
Advertisement MDA-2022-1-003
Age, limit MDA-2022-1-005
Aim, legitimate SVK-2022-1-001
Analysis, DNA SUI-2022-1-001
Anti-deadlock, mechanism MNE-2022-1-001
Appeal, right LAT-2022-1-001
Arbitration Court, decision, review UKR-2022-1-002
Argentine Law of Comprehensive Protection for Women (no. 26.405) ARG-2022-1-001
Assessment MDA-2022-1-005
Assistance, government USA-2022-1-001
Attorney General, removal BUL-2022-1-001
Audio-visual MDA-2022-1-003
Autonomous, authority, budget, expenses, financial control MEX-2022-1-006
Bailiff BEL-2022-1-001
Balancing of interests SUI-2022-1-002
Benefit, governmental USA-2022-1-003
Bias arising from publications in the press RSA-2022-1-002
Biometric data, storage SUI-2022-1-001
Border controls, asylum and immigration, temporary restriction, entry ECJ-2022-1-008
Broadcast, freedom KOR-2022-1-002
Broadcast, independence KOR-2022-1-002
Budget, allocation MEX-2022-1-006
Budget, appropriation, extraordinary MEX-2022-1-006
Budget, EU, execution ECJ-2022-1-002
Budget, EU, measures, protection ECJ-2022-1-002
Budget, expenditure MEX-2022-1-006
Care, compulsory, adult SWE-2022-1-002
Care, compulsory, detention, adult SWE-2022-1-002
Centralised heating MDA-2022-1-006
Chapter 9 institution RSA-2022-1-001
Chapter 9 office bearer, removal RSA-2022-1-001
Child, abduction, international USA-2022-1-007
Child, best interests BIH-2022-1-002
Child, custody USA-2022-1-007
Child, educational and recreational facilities, access SLO-2022-1-001
Child, minor, subsidiary protection ECJ-2022-1-005
Child, physical disability, best interests MKD-2022-1-001
Childbirth allowance and maternity allowance ITA-2022-1-003
Children, special needs, condition, mental and physical SLO-2022-1-001
Chilling effect, expression KOR-2022-1-001
Church and state, separation MEX-2022-1-003
Citizenship, registration, fee, children GBR-2022-1-001
Citizenship, withdrawal ECJ-2022-1-001
Civil proceedings BEL-2022-1-001
Civil proceedings, legal person LAT-2022-1-001
Clause, territory USA-2022-1-003
Climate change GER-2022-1-003, GER-2022-1-006
Climate, protection GER-2022-1-003, GER-2022-1-006
Collection, data SVK-2022-1-001
Collective bargaining agreement, trade union, employer ECH-2022-1-001
Company, share, participation, public GER-2022-1-006
Compensation, expenses incurred LAT-2022-1-003
Competence, full and exclusive KOS-2022-1-002
Competency to hold office RSA-2022-1-001
Confidential information, protection MDA-2022-1-002
Confiscation, property AZE-2022-1-001
Connection data, retention FRA-2022-1-003
Constitutional Court CRO-2022-1-002
Constitutional Court Jurisdiction RSA-2022-1-003
Constitutional Court, decision, effects ECJ-2022-1-003
Constitutional Court, decision, effects, conditions ECJ-2022-1-003
Constitutional Court, jurisdiction CRO-2022-1-003
Constitutional identity GER-2022-1-004
Constitutionality, legality MNE-2022-1-001
Contribution limit, political candidate USA-2022-1-005
Contribution, external, website, publication FRA-2022-1-004
Corruption prevention MDA-2022-1-004
Corruption, quid pro quo USA-2022-1-005
Costs, legal SWE-2022-1-001
Costs, legal, reimbursement, refusal SWE-2022-1-001
Court fee, exemption LAT-2022-1-001
Court rulings, notification BEL-2022-1-001
COVID-19, health pass, political meeting, access FRA-2022-1-002
COVID-19, pandemic NOR-2022-1-001, BIH-2022-1-001, LAT-2022-1-002, USA-2022-1-002, USA-2022-1-001
COVID-19, pandemic, legislative response GER-2022-1-005
COVID-19, pandemic, measures SLO-2022-1-001, SLO-2022-1-002, GER-2022-1-005, SLO-2022-1-003
COVID-19, pandemic, rights POR-2022-1-003, POR-2022-1-002, POR-2022-1-001, POR-2022-1-004
COVID-19, prohibition of movement BIH-2022-1-001
COVID-19, vaccine pass, places, access FRA-2022-1-002
Criminal proceedings, access to the case file SUI-2022-1-002
Criminal proceedings, investigation, inviolability of the body, right CZE-2022-1-002
Customs MDA-2022-1-002
Data collection, secret GER-2022-1-007
Data transfer, third country GER-2022-1-007
Data, personal, treatment GER-2022-1-007
Data, use, purpose limitation, principle GER-2022-1-007
De facto family life, adult(s)-children, absence of biological ties or recognised legal ties ECH-2022-1-004
Deadline, renewal UKR-2022-1-002
Debate, political MEX-2022-1-005
Defamation, criminal KOR-2022-1-001, FIN-2022-1-001
Defamation, fact, public allegation KOR-2022-1-001
Defamation, politician FIN-2022-1-001
Defamation, press FIN-2022-1-001
Defamation, social media FIN-2022-1-001
Defence, national UKR-2022-1-001
Democracy, core, right, individual GER-2022-1-004
Demonstration SUI-2022-1-001
Demonstration, ban AUT-2022-1-001
Derogatory statements, criminal conviction GER-2022-1-002
Disability UKR-2022-1-001
Disability, persons, protection GER-2022-1-005
Disciplinary procedure, civil action ECJ-2022-1-007
Disconnected flat MDA-2022-1-006
Discrimination, religious viewpoint USA-2022-1-004
Disease, infectious, measures NOR-2022-1-001, SLO-2022-1-003, SLO-2022-1-002, SLO-2022-1-001
Disease, infectious, vaccination, obligatory SLO-2022-1-003
DNA analysis, destruction of results CZE-2022-1-002
Document, right of access, limit SUI-2022-1-002
Double jeopardy USA-2022-1-006
Drone, facial recognition FRA-2022-1-001
Drone, use, administrative policing FRA-2022-1-001
Dual sovereignty USA-2022-1-006
Early retirement, choice, reduced pension BUL-2022-1-004
Early retirement, intergenerational contract BUL-2022-1-004
Ecological minimum standard of living GER-2022-1-003
Education KOS-2022-1-002
Election, candidacy, nomination, gender GER-2022-1-001
Election, candidate list GER-2022-1-001
Election, candidate, gender MEX-2022-1-002, GER-2022-1-001
Election, electoral campaign, restriction MEX-2022-1-004
Election, law, gender, balance GER-2022-1-001
Elections, invalidation MEX-2022-1-003
Electoral campaign, social media, limitation MEX-2022-1-004
Electoral result, rectification MEX-2022-1-003
Electoral rules, breach MEX-2022-1-003
Electricity, supply GER-2022-1-006
Employees, industrial action, no authorisation, dismissal ECH-2022-1-001
Employment SWE-2022-1-003
Employment, health, protection, workplace SLO-2022-1-003
Employment, part-time, marginal KOR-2022-1-004
Employment, public-sector SLO-2022-1-003
Employment, sanction, occupational SLO-2022-1-003
Energy sector KOS-2022-1-001
Energy, renewable GER-2022-1-006
Equal protection USA-2022-1-003
Equality, gender, legislator, latitude GER-2022-1-001
Equality, gender, representation, Parliament GER-2022-1-001
Equality, marriage, family life KOR-2022-1-003
Ethics, public service KOR-2022-1-003
EU citizenship, loss ECJ-2022-1-001
European Arrest Warrant ITA-2022-1-001, ITA-2022-1-002, ECJ-2022-1-004
European Union act, ultra vires, review GER-2022-1-004
European Union, citizen, free movement and free residence within the territory of the Member States, right ECJ-2022-1-008
European Union, competences, international treaty, conclusion GER-2022-1-004
European Union, Court of Justice, jurisdiction, limits ECJ-2022-1-007
European Union, law, primacy, limits, constitutional GER-2022-1-004
Euthanasia, advance statement BEL-2022-1-002
Evidence, circumstantial CZE-2022-1-001
Evidence, prosecution, adequacy CZE-2022-1-001
Ex ante review, Constitutional Council, rules of procedure FRA-2022-1-004
Ex ante review, referral, author, contribution, written FRA-2022-1-004
Ex ante review, referral, author, hearing FRA-2022-1-004
Extremist crimes, hate speech, criminal proceedings CZE-2022-1-003
Factual Causation RSA-2022-1-003
Fair balance MDA-2022-1-006, MDA-2022-1-002
Fair trial MDA-2022-1-001
Family unit allowance ITA-2022-1-004
Federation, delegation of powers GER-2022-1-001
Federation, entity, constitution GER-2022-1-001
Fingerprint SUI-2022-1-001
Fishing, restriction FIN-2022-1-002, FIN-2022-1-003
Free trade, agreement, application, provisional GER-2022-1-004
Free trade, agreement, European Union GER-2022-1-004
Free trade, agreement, mixed GER-2022-1-004
Freedom of conscience, physician BEL-2022-1-002
Freedom of economic activity SLO-2022-1-002
Freedom of enterprise, restriction SLO-2022-1-002
Freedom of expression, restriction MDA-2022-1-003
Freedom of opinion SUI-2022-1-001
Freedom of peaceful assembly SUI-2022-1-001
Freedom of work SLO-2022-1-002
Freedom to provide services, workers, posting ECJ-2022-1-006
Gender equality, fundamental value, democracy MEX-2022-1-002
Gender, balance GER-2022-1-001
Gender, parity GER-2022-1-001
General interest, climate, protection GER-2022-1-006
General interest, healthcare system, proper functioning GER-2022-1-005
General interest, life and health, protection GER-2022-1-005
Government speech, flag USA-2022-1-004
Government, power USA-2022-1-002
GRETA SRB-2022-1-001
Hague Convention USA-2022-1-007
Hate speech RSA-2022-1-002, GER-2022-1-002
Health insurance USA-2022-1-001
Health pass, requirement to show SLO-2022-1-003
Health service LAT-2022-1-002
Health, public, vaccination, compulsory SLO-2022-1-003
Home, respect NOR-2022-1-001
Human trafficking, prohibition SRB-2022-1-001
Independence of the judiciary BUL-2022-1-002, BUL-2022-1-001
Independence, executing judicial authority ECJ-2022-1-004
Indigenous people USA-2022-1-006
Infectious disease, protection GER-2022-1-005
Insult, context GER-2022-1-002
Insult, politician GER-2022-1-002
Integrity, candidate, evaluation MDA-2022-1-007
Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence against Women "Convention Belem do Pará" ARG-2022-1-001
Interference, broadcast programming KOR-2022-1-002
Interim measure, execution CRO-2022-1-002
Interim measure, suspension of enforcement CRO-2022-1-002
International protection, application, rejection ECJ-2022-1-005
Internet media outlet, civil defamation, article, publication, criticising actions of the administration ECH-2022-1-002
Interpretation, judicial, Supreme Court, Civil Division CRO-2022-1-003
Interpretation, uniform CRO-2022-1-001
Inter-temporal guarantees of freedom GER-2022-1-003
Investigation, criminal law RSA-2022-1-004
Investigation, inadequate RSA-2022-1-004
Investigation, obligation RSA-2022-1-004
Judge, appointment MDA-2022-1-005
Judge, cessation of duty, election MNE-2022-1-001
Judge, independence MDA-2022-1-005
Judge, irremovability BUL-2022-1-001
Judges, appointment, executive ECJ-2022-1-004
Judicial council MDA-2022-1-007
Judicial review MDA-2022-1-007
Labour law obligations, non-compliance, penalties, proportionality ECJ-2022-1-006
Law, Bermuda GBR-2022-1-002
Lawyer, fee LAT-2022-1-003
Legal costs, reimbursement, refusal LAT-2022-1-003
Legal opinion, uniform interpretation of law, national court, session of judges CRO-2022-1-001
Legal provision, suspension GER-2022-1-005
Legitimate aim KOS-2022-1-001
Limitation Clause RSA-2022-1-002
Local self-government KOS-2022-1-002
Mandatory confinement POR-2022-1-004, POR-2022-1-003, POR-2022-1-001, POR-2022-1-002
Means of appeal, obligation to inform recipients BEL-2022-1-001
Measure of restraint SUI-2022-1-001
Mechanism, conditionality, appeal for annulment ECJ-2022-1-002
Media SUI-2022-1-002
Medical Negligence RSA-2022-1-003
Member State, budget, benefit, conditions ECJ-2022-1-002
Military service UKR-2022-1-001
Minister of Justice, powers, removal from office of heads of the judiciary BUL-2022-1-001
Minority, ethnic, indigenous MEX-2022-1-001
Minority, Parliament, representation MEX-2022-1-001
Misdemeanour proceedings BIH-2022-1-001
Misogyny, societal culture KOR-2022-1-003
Monetary allowance, one-time UKR-2022-1-001
Moratorium, acquisition prescription, private property, public bodies BUL-2022-1-003
Municipality, competence KOS-2022-1-002
Mutual legal assistance LIE-2022-1-001
National, third country ECJ-2022-1-005
Naturalisation, cancellation ECJ-2022-1-001
Nonsectarian, institution USA-2022-1-008
Obligation, international KOS-2022-1-001
Payment, obligation MDA-2022-1-006
People, indigenous, Sámi FIN-2022-1-003, FIN-2022-1-002
Personal data, collection SUI-2022-1-001, GER-2022-1-007
Personal data, retention SUI-2022-1-001
Personality right, public figure GER-2022-1-002
Personality, general right GER-2022-1-002
Police, criminal authority, judicial supervision GER-2022-1-007
Police, defective exercise of duty RSA-2022-1-004
Police, investigation RSA-2022-1-004
Police, measure GER-2022-1-007
Police, surveillance, limits GER-2022-1-007
Political competition, opportunities, equal GER-2022-1-001
Political nature of proceedings LIE-2022-1-001
Political party, expression of view, scope MEX-2022-1-005
Political speech USA-2022-1-005
Political will, formation GER-2022-1-001
Politician, defamation GER-2022-1-002
Politician, honour, protection GER-2022-1-002
Prayer at school USA-2022-1-010
Precaution, principle LAT-2022-1-002
Precedent, overruled USA-2022-1-009
Premature termination of position, ex lege, after judicial reform ECH-2022-1-003
Prevention effect, criminal penalty KOR-2022-1-001
Principle, ne-bis in idem, proportionality AZE-2022-1-002
Principle, legality SLO-2022-1-002
Principles, competing MDA-2022-1-002
Privacy, invasion, proportionality SUI-2022-1-001, GER-2022-1-007
Privacy, right SUI-2022-1-002
Private life, principle of self-determination BEL-2022-1-002
Proceedings, criminal AZE-2022-1-001
Processing, data SVK-2022-1-001
Professional integrity test MDA-2022-1-004
Proof, standard CZE-2022-1-001
Property registration, obligatory KOR-2022-1-003
Property, legal persons, equal treatment LAT-2022-1-002
Property, transfer, reform, institutional BUL-2022-1-002
Proportionality KOS-2022-1-001
Prosecutorial council MDA-2022-1-007
Public agent MDA-2022-1-004
Public character of proceedings SUI-2022-1-002
Public finances, levy, non-tax GER-2022-1-006
Public interest SUI-2022-1-002
Public order, threat AUT-2022-1-001
Public servant, free speech, prayer USA-2022-1-010
Rape, consent, power dynamics, stigma, trauma ARG-2022-1-001
Recording, destruction MDA-2022-1-001
Recusal RSA-2022-1-002
Reduction, greenhouse gas GER-2022-1-003, GER-2022-1-006
Reference for a preliminary ruling, limitation ECJ-2022-1-007
Reference for a preliminary ruling, loyal cooperation ECJ-2022-1-003
Referral, website, online FRA-2022-1-004
Refugee, status, determination ECJ-2022-1-005
Regime, disciplinary, judge ECJ-2022-1-007
Regulation, implementing SLO-2022-1-002
Regulations, conformity MNE-2022-1-001
Religiously motivated legislation GBR-2022-1-002
Remote search, information technology systems, right GER-2022-1-007
Reproductive Rights USA-2022-1-009
Residence, discrimination. KOS-2022-1-001
Restriction, freedom SUI-2022-1-001
Retirement, benefit, payment KOR-2022-1-004
Review, constitutional NOR-2022-1-001
Right of defence MDA-2022-1-001
Right to a future in accordance with human dignity GER-2022-1-003
Right to die BEL-2022-1-002
Right to information MDA-2022-1-002
Right to life BEL-2022-1-002
Right to self-determination in relation to data SUI-2022-1-002
Rights, Fundamental, Charter, European Union SVK-2022-1-001
Rights, people, indigenous FIN-2022-1-002, FIN-2022-1-003
Risk assessment, automated, data, personal SVK-2022-1-001
Rules drafted and adopted by National Assembly, constitutional validity RSA-2022-1-001
Same-sex marriage GBR-2022-1-002
Sample, odour, evidentiary value CZE-2022-1-001
Schengen Borders Code ECJ-2022-1-008
School, learning distance SLO-2022-1-001
School, private, equal treatment USA-2022-1-008
School, private, financial support USA-2022-1-008
Security, public, danger GER-2022-1-007
Separation of powers MDA-2022-1-007, ECJ-2022-1-003
Serious threat to public order or internal security, internal border control, reintroduction temporary ECJ-2022-1-008
Sexual assault, testimony, victim’s qualification of facts, vocabulary, legal definition ARG-2022-1-001
Shop, closure LAT-2022-1-002
Social media platform, freedom of expression GER-2022-1-002
Social media, statements, offensive GER-2022-1-002
Social protection, right UKR-2022-1-001
Sources of law, legal opinions, compulsory CRO-2022-1-001
Standard, strict scrutiny KOR-2022-1-003
Statutory basis, requirement, law, constitutional SLO-2022-1-002
Subject of review, law, direct challenge GER-2022-1-005
Supreme Court, president, removal BUL-2022-1-001
Surrender ITA-2022-1-002, ITA-2022-1-001
Surrender procedure between Member States ECJ-2022-1-004
Surveillance, secret, measure GER-2022-1-007
Teleshopping MDA-2022-1-003
Territory USA-2022-1-003
Terrorism, fight, fundamental rights, protection, weighing GER-2022-1-007
Terrorist organisation, symbols, ban AUT-2022-1-001
Testimony, credibility ARG-2022-1-001
The state, duty to protect life BEL-2022-1-002
Third party, rights, protection UKR-2022-1-002
Third-country nationals ITA-2022-1-003, ITA-2022-1-002, ITA-2022-1-004
Tort, constitutional RSA-2022-1-004
Ultra vires GER-2022-1-004
Unification of jurisprudence, legislative model CRO-2022-1-001
Vaccination USA-2022-1-001, USA-2022-1-002
Vaccination, compulsory SLO-2022-1-003
Vaccination, obligatory GER-2022-1-005
Vulnerable persons, protection GER-2022-1-005
Wind energy GER-2022-1-006
Woman, rights, advancement MEX-2022-1-002
Woman, violence against, prevention MEX-2022-1-002
Women, representation, political GER-2022-1-001
Women, social status KOR-2022-1-003
Working hours, contractual KOR-2022-1-004
Workplace safety USA-2022-1-002

Ed. 15.11.2022 18:02:37